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''Ochnaceae'' is a family of flowering plants in the order Malpighiales.〔Vernon H. Heywood, Richard K. Brummitt, Ole Seberg, and Alastair Culham. ''Flowering Plant Families of the World''. Firefly Books: Ontario, Canada. (2007). ISBN 978-1-55407-206-4.〕 In the APG III system of classification of flowering plants, Ochnaceae is defined broadly, to include about 550 species,〔Maria do Carmo E. Amaral, and Volker Bittrich. 2014. "Ochnaceae". pages 253-268. In: Klaus Kubitzki (editor). 2014. ''The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants'' volume XI. Springer-Verlag: Berlin, Heidelberg,, Germany. ISBN 978-3-642-39416-4 (print). ISBN 978-3-642-39417-1 (eBook). 〕 and encompasses what some taxonomists have treated as the separate families Medusagynaceae and Quiinaceae.〔 In a phylogenetic study that was published in 2014, Ochnaceae was recognized in the broad sense,〔Julio V. Schneider, Pulcherie Bissiengou, Maria do Carmo E. Amaral, Ali Tahir, Michael F. Fay, Marco Thines, Marc S.M. Sosef, Georg Zizka, and Lars W. Chatrou. 2014. "Phylogenetics, ancestral state reconstruction, and a new infrafamilial classification of the pantropical Ochnaceae (Medusagynaceae, Ochnaceae s.str., Quiinaceae) based on five DNA regions". ''Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution'' 78:199-214. .〕 but two works published after APG III have accepted the small families Medusagynaceae and Quiinaceae.〔〔Zhenxiang Xi, Brad R. Ruhfel, Hanno Schaefer, André M. Amorim, Manickam Sugumaran, Kenneth J. Wurdack, Peter K. Endress, Merran L. Matthews, Peter F. Stevens, Sarah Mathews, and Charles C. Davis. 2012. "Phylogenomics and a posteriori data partitioning resolve the Cretaceous angiosperm radiation Malpighiales". ''PNAS'' (''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences U.S.A.'') 109(43):17519-17524. . (See ''External links'' below).〕 In this article, "Ochnaceae" will refer to the larger circumscription of the family, which is otherwise known as Ochnaceae sensu lato or as the ochnoids. Ochnaceae, defined broadly or narrowly, is pantropical in distribution, with a few species cultivated outside of this range. Ochnaceae is most diverse in the neotropics, with a second center of diversity in tropical Africa.〔 It consists mostly of shrubs and small trees, and, in ''Sauvagesia'', a few herbaceous species. Many are treelets, with a single, erect trunk, but low in height. The Ochnaceae are notable for their unusual leaves. These are usually shiny, with closely spaced, parallel veins, toothed margins, and conspicuous stipules. Most of the species are buzz pollinated.〔Paul A. De Luca and Mario Vallejo-Marin. 2013. "What's the buzz about? The ecology and evolutionary significance of buzz pollination". ''Current Opinion in Plant Biology'' 16(4):429-435. .〕 In eight of the genera in tribe Sauvagesieae, the flower changes form after opening, by continued growth of tissue within the flower.〔 A few species of ''Ochna'' are cultivated as ornamentals.〔Anthony Huxley, Mark Griffiths, and Margot Levy (1992). ''The New Royal Horticultural Society Dictionary of Gardening''. The Macmillan Press,Limited: London. The Stockton Press: New York. ISBN 978-0-333-47494-5 (set).〕 ''Ochna thomasiana'' is probably the most commonly planted, but it is often misidentified in the horticultural literature.〔Warren L. Wagner, Derral R. Herbst, and Sy H. Sohmer. ''Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii'', Revised Edition, 1999. Bishop Museum Press: Hololulu〕 The leaves of ''Cespedesia'' are sometimes to in length and are used for roofing.〔David J. Mabberley. 2008. ''Mabberley's Plant-Book'' third edition (2008). Cambridge University Press: UK. ISBN 978-0-521-82071-4 (See ''External links'' below).〕 An herbal tea is made from the pantropical weed ''Sauvagesia erecta''. In its evolution, Ochnaceae has been unusual, in "reverting" to character states that are regarded as ancestral or primitive. For example, an actinomorphic floral symmetry has appeared twice in the subfamily Ochnoideae. Also, two clades of Ochnaceae, one in Ochnoideae and another in Quiinoideae have a derived condition very close to apocarpy. The complete separation of the carpels (apocarpy) is thought to be the ancestral state for angiosperms.〔Peter K. Endress. 2011. "Evolutionary diversification of the flowers in angiosperms". ''American Journal of Botany'' 98(3):370-396. . (See ''External links'' below).〕 Fossils attributed to Ochnaceae are known from the early Eocene of Mississippi.〔Daniel Danehy, Peter Wilf, and Stefan A. Little. 2007. "Early Eocene macroflora from the red hot truck stop locality (Meridian, Mississippi, USA)". ''Palaeontologia Electronica'' 10(3):17A:31pages. (See ''External links'' below).〕 The age of the family is very roughly estimated at 100 million years.〔Susana Magallon, Khidir W. Hilu, and Dietmar Quandt. 2013. "Land plant evolutionary timeline: Gene effects are secondary to fossil constraints in relaxed clock estimation of age and substitution rates". ''American Journal of Botany'' 100(3):556-573. . (See ''External links'' below).〕 A great many genus names have been published in Ochnaceae.〔The Plant List: Ochnaceae. (See ''External links'' below).〕 In a taxonomic revision of Ochnaceae, as three families, in 2014, only 32 of these genera were accepted; one in Medusagynaceae, four in Quiinaceae, and 27 in Ochnaceae s.s..〔 In that same year, a 33rd genus, ''Neckia'', was reestablished in order to preserve the monophyly of another genus, ''Sauvagesia''.〔 The largest genera in Ochnaceae are: ''Ouratea'' (200 species), ''Ochna'' (85), ''Campylospermum'' (65), ''Sauvagesia'' (39), and ''Quiina'' (34).〔 None of the larger genera has been the subject of a phylogenetic analysis of DNA sequences of selected genes. In one study of the subfamily Quiinoideae, based on the trn L-F intergenic spacer, only nine species were sampled from this subfamily.〔Julio V. Schneider, Ulf Swenson, Rosabelle Samuel, Tod Stuessy, and Georg Zizka. 2006. "Phylogenetics of Quiinaceae (Malpighiales): evidence from trnL-trnF sequence data and morphology". ''Plant Systematics and Evolution'' 257(3-4):189-203. .〕 == Genera == The following list of 33 genera consists of ''Neckia'', which was resurrected in 2014,〔 plus the 32 genera that were described in the most recent revision of Ochnaceae.〔〔Klaus Kubitzki. 2014. "Quiinaceae". pages 277-281. . In: Klaus Kubitzki (editor). 2014. ''The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants'' volume XI. Springer-Verlag: Berlin, Heidelberg,, Germany. ISBN 978-3-642-39416-4 (print). ISBN 978-3-642-39417-1 (eBook). 〕〔William C. Dickison and Klaus Kubitzki. 2014. "Medusagynaceae". pages 249-251. . In: Klaus Kubitzki (editor). 2014. ''The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants'' volume XI. Springer-Verlag: Berlin, Heidelberg,, Germany. ISBN 978-3-642-39416-4 (print). ISBN 978-3-642-39417-1 (eBook). 〕 The classification is from Schneider et alii (2014).〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Ochnaceae」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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