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William of Ockham (; also Occam, from (ラテン語:Gulielmus Occamus);〔Jortin, John. ''Remarks on Ecclesiastical History, Volume 3''. p. 371.〕〔Johann Jacob Hofmann. ''Lexicon universale, historiam sacram et profanam omnis aevi omniumque...'' p. 431.〕 1287 – 1347) was an English Franciscan friar and scholastic philosopher and theologian, who is believed to have been born in Ockham, a small village in Surrey.〔There are claims also that he was born in Ockham, Yorkshire but it is now accepted that his birth place was in Surrey. See 〕 He is considered to be one of the major figures of medieval thought and was at the centre of the major intellectual and political controversies of the fourteenth century. He is commonly known for Occam's razor, the methodological principle that bears his name, and also produced significant works on logic, physics, and theology. In the Church of England, his day of commemoration is 10 April. ==Life== William of Ockham was born in Ockham, Surrey in 1285 and joined the Franciscan order at an early age.〔The Oxford Companion to English Literature, 6th Edition. Edited by Margaret Drabble, Oxford University Press, 2000 Pp 735〕 It is believed that he studied theology at the University of Oxford from 1309 to 1321, but while he completed all the requirements for a master's degree in theology (the 14th century equivalent of a doctorate ) he was never made regent master. Because of this, he acquired the honorific title ''Venerabilis Inceptor'', or "Venerable Beginner" (an ''inceptor'' was a student formally admitted to the ranks of teachers by the university authorities). During the Middle Ages, theologian Peter Lombard's ''Sentences'' (1150) had become a standard work of theology, and many ambitious theological scholars wrote commentaries on it.〔Roger Olson. The Story of Christian Theology, p. 350. ISBN 0-8308-1505-8〕 William of Ockham was among these scholarly commentators. However, Ockham's commentary was not well received by his colleagues, or by the Church authorities. In 1324, his commentary was condemned as unorthodox by a synod of bishops, and he was ordered to Avignon, France, to defend himself before a papal court.〔 An alternative understanding, recently proposed by George Knysh, suggests that he was initially appointed in Avignon as a professor of philosophy in the Franciscan school, and that his disciplinary difficulties did not begin until 1327.〔Knysh, George, Biographical rectifications concerning Ockham's Avignon period. Franciscan Studies 46, 1986, pp.61–91.〕 It is generally believed that these charges were levied by Oxford chancellor John Lutterell.〔http://wotug.org/parallel/www/occam/occam-bio.html〕 The Franciscan Minister General, Michael of Cesena, had been summoned to Avignon, to answer charges of heresy. A theological commission had been asked to review his ''Commentary on the Sentences'', and it was during this that Ockham found himself involved in a different debate. Michael of Cesena had asked Ockham to review arguments surrounding Apostolic poverty. The Franciscans believed that Jesus and his apostles owned no property either individually or in common, and The Rule of Saint Francis commanded members of the order to follow this practice. This brought them into conflict with Pope John XXII. Because of the pope's attack on the Rule of Saint Francis, Ockham, Michael of Cesena and other leading Franciscans fled Avignon on 26 May 1328, and eventually took refuge in the court of the Holy Roman Emperor Louis IV of Bavaria, who was also engaged in dispute with the papacy, and became Ockham's patron.〔 After studying the works of John XXII and previous papal statements, Ockham agreed with the Minister General. In return for protection and patronage Ockham wrote treatises that argued for emperor Louis to have supreme control over church and state in the Holy Roman Empire.〔 "On June 6, 1328, Ockham was officially excommunicated for leaving Avignon without permission,"〔 and Ockham argued that John XXII was a heretic for attacking the doctrine of Apostolic poverty and the Rule of Saint Francis, which had been endorsed by previous popes.〔 However it should be noted that Ockham's philosophy was never officially condemned as heretical.〔 He spent much of the remainder of his life writing about political issues, including the relative authority and rights of the spiritual and temporal powers. After Michael of Cesena's death in 1342, William became the leader of the small band of Franciscan dissidents living in exile with Louis IV. Ockham died (prior to the outbreak of the plague, or Black Death) on 9 April 1347.〔Gál, Gedeon, 1982. William of Ockham Died Impenitent in April 1347. Franciscan Studies 42, pp. 90–95〕 He was officially rehabilitated by Innocent VI in 1359. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「William of Ockham」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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