|
The Ojibwe (also Ojibwa), or Chippewa are a large group of Native Americans and First Nations in North America. There are Ojibwe communities in both Canada and the United States. In Canada, they are the second-largest population among First Nations, surpassed only by the Cree. In the United States, they have the fourth-largest population among Native American tribes, surpassed only by the Navajo, Cherokee, and Lakota. Because many Ojibwe were formerly located around the outlet of Lake Superior, which the French colonists called ''Sault Ste. Marie'' for its rapids, the early Canadian settlers referred to the Ojibwe as ''Saulteurs''. Ojibwe who subsequently moved to the prairie provinces of Canada have retained the name ''Saulteaux''. This is disputed since some scholars believe that only the name migrated west.〔''Three Fires Unity: The Anishnaabeg of the Lake Huron Borderlands.'' Phil Bellfy. 2011. University of Nebraska.〕 Ojibwe who were originally located along the Mississagi River and made their way to southern Ontario are known as the ''Mississaugas''.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=First Nations Culture Areas Index )〕 The Ojibwe Peoples are a major component group of the Anishinaabe-speaking peoples, a branch of the Algonquian language family. The Anishinaabe peoples include the Algonquin, Nipissing, Oji-Cree, Odawa and the Potawatomi. The majority of the Ojibwe peoples live in Canada. There are 77,940 mainline Ojibwe; 76,760 Saulteaux and 8,770 Mississaugas, organized in 125 bands, and living from western Quebec to eastern British Columbia. Ojibwe in the U.S. number over 56,440, living in an area stretching across the northern tier from New York west to Montana. They are historically known for their crafting of birch bark canoes, their sacred birch bark scrolls, the use of cowrie shells for trading, the cultivation of wild rice, and the use of copper arrow points. In 1745, they adopted guns from the British to defeat the Dakota in the Lake Superior area, pushing them to the south and west. The Ojibwe Nation was the first to set the agenda with European-Canadian leaders by signing detailed treaties before they allowed many European settlers into their western areas. Their Midewiwin Society is well respected as the keeper of detailed and complex scrolls of events, oral history, songs, maps, memories, stories, geometry, and mathematics. ==Name== The autonym for this group of Anishinaabeg is ''Ojibwe'' (plural: ''Ojibweg''). This name is commonly anglicized as "Ojibwa" or "Ojibway". The name "Chippewa" is an alternative anglicization. Although many variations exist in literature, "Chippewa" is more common in the United States and "Ojibwa" predominates in Canada, but both terms are used in each country. In many Ojibwe communities throughout Canada and the U.S. since the late 20th century, more members have been using the generalized name ''Anishinaabe(-g)''. The exact meaning of the name ''Ojibwe'' is not known; the most common explanations for the name derivations are: * ''ojiibwabwe'' (/o/ + /jiibw/ + /abwe/), meaning "those who cook\roast until it puckers", referring to their fire-curing of moccasin seams to make them waterproof. Some 19th-century sources say this name described a method of ritual torture that the Ojibwe applied to enemies.〔Warren, William W. (1885; reprint: 1984) ''History of the Ojibway People''. ISBN 0-87351-162-X〕 * ''ozhibii'iwe'' (/o/ + /zhibii'/ + /iwe/), meaning "those who keep records (a Vision )", referring to their form of pictorial writing, and pictographs used in Midewiwin sacred rites;〔(Louise Erdrich, ''Books and Islands in Ojibwe Country'' (2003) ) 〕 or * ''ojiibwe'' (/o/ + /jiib/ + /we/), meaning "those who speak-stiffly"\"those who stammer", an exonym or name given to them by the Cree, who described the Ojibwe language for its differences from their own.〔Johnston, Basil. (2007) ''Anishinaubae Thesaurus'' ISBN 0-87013-753-0〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Ojibwe」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|