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The Old Swiss Confederacy (Modern German: ''ドイツ語:Alte Eidgenossenschaft''; historically ''ドイツ語:Eidgenossenschaft'', after the Reformation ''フランス語:République des Suisses'', ''ラテン語:Republica Helvetiorum'' "Republic of the Swiss") was the precursor of Switzerland. It was a loose confederation of independent small states (cantons) which formed during the 14th century. From a nucleus in what is now Central Switzerland, the confederacy expanded to include the cities of Zurich and Berne by the middle of the century. This formed a rare union of rural and urban communes, all of which enjoyed imperial immediacy in the Holy Roman Empire. This confederation of eight cantons (''Acht Orte'') was politically and militarily successful for more than a century, culminating in the Burgundy Wars of the 1470s which established it as a power in the complicated political landscape dominated by France and the Habsburgs. Its success resulted in the addition of more confederates, increasing the number of cantons to thirteen (''Dreizehn Orte'') by 1513. The confederacy pledged neutrality in 1515 and 1647 (under the threat of the Thirty Years' War), although many Swiss served privately as mercenaries in the Italian Wars and during the Early Modern period. After the Swabian War of 1499 the confederacy was a ''de facto'' independent state throughout the early modern period, although still nominally part of the Holy Roman Empire until 1648. The Swiss Reformation divided the confederates into Reformed and Catholic parties, resulting in internal conflict from the 16th to the 18th centuries; as a result, the federal diet (''Tagsatzung'') was often paralysed by hostility between the factions. The Swiss Confederacy fell to invasion by the French Revolutionary Army in 1798, after which it became the short-lived Helvetic Republic. == Name == The adjective “old” was introduced after the Napoleonic era with ''Ancien Régime'', retronyms distinguishing the pre-Napoleonic from the restored confederation. During its existence the confederacy was known as ''Eidgenossenschaft'' or ''Eydtgnoschafft'' ("oath fellowship"), in reference to treaties among cantons; this term was first used in the 1370 ''Pfaffenbrief''. Territories of the confederacy came to be known collectively as ''Schweiz'' or ''Schweizerland'' (''Schwytzerland'' in contemporary spelling), with the English ''Switzerland'' beginning during the mid-16th century. From that time the Confederacy was seen as a single state, also known as the Swiss Republic (''Republic der Schweitzer'', ''République des Suisses'' and ''Republica Helvetiorum'' by Josias Simmler in 1576) after the fashion of calling individual urban cantons republics (such as the Republics of Zürich, Berne and Basel). 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Old Swiss Confederacy」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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