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|image_caption = New Town Hall |image_flag = POL Olsztyn flag.svg |image_shield = POL Olsztyn COA.svg |pushpin_map = Poland |pushpin_label_position = bottom |coordinates_region = PL |subdivision_type = Country |subdivision_name = Poland |subdivision_type1 = Voivodeship |subdivision_name1 = Warmian-Masurian |subdivision_type2 = County |subdivision_name2 = ''city county'' |leader_title = Mayor |leader_name = Piotr Grzymowicz |established_title = Established |established_date = 14th century |established_title3 = Town rights |established_date3 = 1353 |elevation_min_m = 88 |elevation_max_m = 154 |area_total_km2 = 88.328 |population_as_of = 2011 |population_total = 175420 |population_density_km2 = auto |population_metro = 270000 |timezone = CET |utc_offset = +1 |timezone_DST = CEST |utc_offset_DST = +2 |latd = 53 |latm = 47 |lats = |latNS = N |longd = 20 |longm = 30 |longs = |longEW = E |postal_code_type = Postal code |postal_code = 10-001 to 11–041 |area_code = +48 89 |website = http://www.olsztyn.eu |blank_name = Car plates |blank_info = NO }} Olsztyn () (; Old Polish: ''Holstin''; Old Prussian: ''Alnāsteini'' or ''Alnestabs''; (リトアニア語:Olštynas)) is a city on the Łyna River in northeastern Poland. Olsztyn is the capital of the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, and is a city with powiat rights. == History == In 1346, the forest was cleared at a location on the Alle River (now Łyna River) for a new settlement in Prussian Warmia (former German designation: Ermland). The following year, Teutonic Knights began the construction of an Ordensburg castle as a stronghold against the Old Prussians, and the settlement of Allenstein was first mentioned the following year. The German name Allenstein meant a castle on the Alle River – which became known in Polish transliteration as Olsztyn. Allenstein received municipal rights in October 1353, and the castle was completed in 1397. The town was captured by the Kingdom of Poland during the Polish-Lithuanian-Teutonic War in 1410, and again in 1414 during the Hunger War, but it was returned to the monastic state of the Teutonic Knights after hostilities ended. Allenstein joined the Prussian Confederation in 1440 and rebelled against the Teutonic Knights in 1454 upon the outbreak of the Thirteen Years' War. Although the Teutonic Knights recaptured the town the following year, it was retaken by Polish troops in 1463. The Second Peace of Thorn in 1466 designated Allenstein and the Bishopric of Warmia (German: Ermland) as part of Royal Prussia under the sovereignty of the Polish Crown. From 1516 to 1521, Nicolaus Copernicus lived at the castle as administrator of both Allenstein and Mehlsack (Pieniężno). Copernicus was in charge of the Siege of Olsztyn and Warmia during the Polish-Teutonic War of 1519–21. Allenstein was sacked by Swedish troops in both 1655 and 1708 during the Polish-Swedish wars, and the town's population was nearly wiped out in 1710 by epidemics of bubonic plague and cholera. The town became part of the Kingdom of Prussia in 1772 during the First Partition of Poland. A Prussian census recorded a population of 1,770 people, predominantly farmers, and Allenstein was administered within the Province of East Prussia. It was visited by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1807 after his victories over the Prussian Army at Jena and Auerstedt. By 1825, the town was inhabited by 1341 Germans and 1266 Poles.〔Historia Pomorza:(1815-1850),Gerard Labuda, Poznańskie Towarzystwo Przyjaciół Nauk,page 157, 1993〕 The first German-language newspaper, the ''Allensteiner Zeitung'', began publishing in 1841. The town hospital was founded in 1867. In 1871, with the unification of Germany under Prussian hegemony, Allenstein became part of the German Empire. Two years later, the city was connected by railway to Thorn (Toruń). Its first Polish language newspaper, the ''Gazeta Olsztyńska'', was founded in 1886. Allenstein's infrastructure developed rapidly: gas was installed in 1890, telephones in 1892, public water supply in 1898, and electricity in 1907. In 1905, the city became the capital of Regierungsbezirk Allenstein, a government administrative region in East Prussia. From 1818 to 1910, the city was administered within the East Prussia Allenstein District, after which it became an independent city. Shortly after the outbreak of World War I in 1914, Russian troops captured Allenstein, but it was recovered by the Imperial German Army in the Battle of Tannenberg. The battle took place closer to Allenstein than to Tannenberg (now Stębark), but the Germans, recalling their defeat in the 1410 Battle of Grunwald (German name: Battle of Tannenberg), named it "Tannenberg II" for nationalistic reasons. After the defeat of Germany in World War I, the East Prussian plebiscite was held in 1920 to determine whether the populace of the region, including Allenstein, wished to remain in German East Prussia or become part of Poland. In order to advertise the plebiscite, special postage stamps were produced by overprinting German stamps and sold commencing 3 April of that year. One kind of overprint read PLÉBISCITE / OLSZTYN / ALLENSTEIN, while the other read TRAITÉ / DE / VERSAILLES / ART. 94 et 95 inside an oval whose border gave the full name of the plebiscite commission. Each overprint was applied to 14 denominations ranging from 5 Pf to 3 M. The plebiscite was held on 11 July, and produced 362,209 votes (97.8%) for Germany and 7,980 votes (2.2%) for Poland, so Allenstein remained in Germany. The football club SV Hindenburg Allenstein played in Allenstein from 1921 to 1945. After the January 1933 Nazi seizure of power in Germany, Poles and Jews in Allenstein were increasingly persecuted. In 1935, the German Army Wehrmacht made the city the seat of the ''Allenstein Militärische Bereich''. It was then home of the 11th and 217th infantry divisions and 11th Artillery Regiment. On 12 October 1939, after the German invasion of Poland that began World War II, the Wehrmacht established an Area Headquarters for Wehrkreis I that controlled the environs of Allenstein, including Lötzen (now Giżycko), and Ciechanów in occupied Poland. Beginning in 1939, members of the Polish-speaking minority, especially members of the Union of Poles in Germany, were deported to Nazi death camps. On 22 January 1945, near the end of the war, Allenstein was plundered and burned by the conquering Soviet Red Army, and much of its German population fled. On 2 August 1945, the city became part of Poland under border changes promulgated at the Potsdam Conference, and officially became the Polish Olsztyn. In October 1945, the remnants of the German population were expelled by order of the city commanders of Olsztyn. A tire factory was founded in Olsztyn in 1967. Its subsequent names included OZOS, Stomil and Michelin. Olsztyn became the capital of the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship in 1999. It was previously in the Olsztyn Voivodeship. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Olsztyn」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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