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Olędrzy (singular: ''Olęder'', German: ''Holländer'' or ''Hauländer'') are people, often of Dutch or German ancestry, who lived in settlements in Poland organized under a particular type of law. The term ''Olędrzy'' has been used to describe two related, but slightly different, groups of settlers. First, it describes settlers in Poland from Friesland and the rest of the Netherlands, most often of the Mennonite faith, who in the 16th and 17th centuries founded villages in Royal Prussia, along the Vistula River and its tributaries, in Kujawy, Mazovia and Wielkopolska. They possessed knowledge of flood control, and a well-developed agrarian culture. At that time, they were the wealthiest group of peasants. They maintained personal freedom, and their own religion and beliefs. After the First Partition of Poland, some of them emigrated to Ukraine. Second, in a later period (up to the middle of the 19th century), the term ''Olędrzy'' was used to describe settlers of different ethnicities (principally Germans and Poles, at times Scots, Czechs, and Hungarians), who benefited from certain privileges resulting from the law established by the Frisian and Dutch colonists (such as personal freedom, long-term or perpetual use of land, and the possibility of transmitting land to heirs). The most important characteristic, however, was collective responsibility of the entire Olęder community for its obligations toward the land owner and the specific character of the community's self-government. Thus, the distinguishing characteristics of an Olęder settlement are legal, and not ethnic, religious or economic. Consequently, the word ''Olęder'' is not synonymous with "Dutch settler." According to studies conducted so far, from 1527/1547 to 1864 on the terrain of the first Polish republic ("Rzeczpospolita") (later divided into three parts in the Polish partitions), at least 1700 olęder settlements were established. Of those, in at least 300 cases the settlers were ethnic Dutch.〔 Traces of these settlements are still visible in village architecture, the physical layout of villages, and in the names of villages (Holendry, Olędry, Olendry, etc.) == Terminology == Polish sources use a variety of terms for olęder settlers: Hollendrzy, Holędrzy, Holendrzy, Olędrzy, and Olendrzy. These are interchangeable, and derive from the first settlers from the Netherlands, who moved into Ducal Prussia and Royal Prussia beginning in the 16th century. It is important, however, to recognize that over time the term lost its ethnic meaning, and therefore Olendrzy refers to all settlers living under the legal regime introduced by the Dutch colonists, including most notably the Vistula Germans. It is also important to underline, that not all settlements carrying the name ''Olędry'' (or similar) were in fact settled by Olendrzy. Rusiński gives examples of such instances in Wielkopolska: Wymysłowo (known in some sources as Czarkowskie Olędry) or Burzykowo in the parish of Oborniki (on some German maps called Burzykower Holl.). Rusiński argues that although though those villages had the name Olędry, that is not a basis for calling them genuine olędry settlements, because in their cases one does not find the legal arrangements typical of such colonization (collective responsibility to the land owner and characteristic olęder self-government). A separate problem is the question of the German words that function as two alternatives: ''Holländer'' and ''Hauländer.'' According to earlier German historical writings, they had two distinct meanings, reflecting a difference in the type of settlement. After all, ''Olędry'' were settled chiefly on difficult terrain, which required proper preparation to plant or raise livestock. The referenced historians argued that on low, wet terrain subject to flooding, settlers were called ''Holländer'' (in reference to the settlers from the Netherlands who were specialists in flood control and drainage), while those who colonists who settled in thick forests requiring clearing were called ''Hauländer'' (from the German ''hauen'' – to hew, to chop). However, that viewpoint has been recognized as inaccurate (both in German history writing as well as Polish), as evidenced by those settlements on flood plains called ''Hauland'' and villages that appeared on the road to clearings in the forest called ''Holland.'' Most likely, the word ''Hauländer'' started as a variant of ''Holländer,'' and appeared through blending the names of settlements with the name for woodcutters. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Olędrzy」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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