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Ombre
Ombre (〔The sports and pastimes of the people of England, pg. 262, Joseph Strutt - London 1801〕) is a fast-moving seventeenth-century trick-taking card game for three players. Its history began in Spain around the end of the 16th century as a four-person game.〔The Merry Gamester by Walter Nelson, Merchants Adventures Press US, 1998, pg. 30〕 It is one of the earliest card games known in Europe and by far the most classic game of its type, directly ancestral to Euchre, Boston and Solo Whist.〔Oxford Dictionary of Card Games, David Parlett, pg. 124 ISBN 0-19-869173-4〕 Despite its difficult rules, complicated point score and strange foreign terms, it swept Europe in the last quarter of the 17th century, becoming ''Lomber'' in Germany, ''Lumbur'' in Austria and ''Ombre'' (originally pronounced 'umber'〔''The Oxford Guide to Card Games'', David Parlett, Oxford University Press, 1990, pg. 197 ISBN 0-19-214165-1〕) in England, occupying a position of prestige similar to contract bridge today.
==History==
The historical importance of Ombre in the field of playing cards is the fact that it was the first card game in which a trump suit was established by bidding rather than by the random process of turning the first card of the stock. This notion of bidding was adopted from Triomfi, though it was from L'Hombre that the idea of bidding was adopted into other card games such as Skat, and Tarot, which owes Hombre a good portion of its betting system as well. The game continued to be in vogue almost in every corner of Europe in the following century.
As with most games, Ombre acquired many variations of increasing complexity over the years, until its popularity was eclipsed by the second quarter of the 18th century by a new four player French variant called Quadrille, later displaced by the English Whist. Other lines of descent and hybridization produced games like Preference, Mediator and Twenty-five. Under the name Tresillo, it survived in parts of Spain during the nineteenth century, as Voltarete in Portugal and Brazil, as Rocambor in countries such as Bolivia, Peru, and Colombia in the twentieth century, and it is still played as L’Hombre in Denmark, mostly in Jutland and on the island of Funen, where it is organized by the L'Hombre Union.
Daines Barrington, English antiquary and naturalist, says that Ombre was probably introduced in England by Catherine of Braganza, the Queen of Charles II, as Edmund Waller, the court poet, had a poem entitled "On a Card Torn at Ombre by the Queen".〔The Fortnightly, George Henry Lewes, vol. II. Pg. 203, London, 1865〕 She was such a keen player, as were so many members of English high society by the end of 1674, that the Lower House of Parliament proposed to pass an Act against the playing of Ombre, or at least to limit the stakes at 5 pounds, a proposition received as "ridiculous" at that time.〔The Art of Conjecturing by Jakob Bernoulli, Edith Dudley Sylla, pg. 348 - Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore ISBN 0-8018-8235-4〕 But a political pamphlet called: “The Royal Game of Ombre”, published in London in 1660, supports the inference that the game was known in England before the Restoration. It is not likely that it would be selected as a mask for political allusions, unless that the game had been in general use, or at least pretty generally familiar to the people across the country.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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