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Openwork or open-work is a term in art history, architecture and related fields for any technique that produces decoration by creating holes, piercings, or gaps that go right through a solid material such as metal, wood, stone, pottery, cloth, leather, or ivory.〔"Openwork." Grove Art Online, Oxford Art Online. Oxford University Press, accessed May 26, 2015, (subscription required ). Their article reads, in full: "Any form of decoration that is perforated". OED "Openwork", 1 , where all examples cited from earlier than 1894 are hyphenated, though this is now less common than the single word.〕 Such techniques have been very widely used in a great number of cultures. The term is rather flexible, and used both for additive techniques that build up the design, as for example most large features in architecture, and those that take a plain material and make cuts or holes in it. Equally techniques such as casting using moulds create the whole design in a single stage, and are common in openwork. Though much openwork relies for its effect on the viewer seeing right through the object, some pieces place a different material behind the openwork as a background. ==Varieties== Techniques or styles that normally use openwork include all the family of lace and cutwork types in textiles, including broderie anglaise and many others. Fretwork in wood is used for various types of objects. There has always been great use of openwork in jewellery, not least to save on expensive materials and weight. For example, opus interrasile is a type of decoration used in Ancient Roman and Byzantine jewellery, piercing thin strips of gold with punches.〔Diane Favro, et al. "Rome, ancient, s 5, ii." Grove Art Online. Oxford Art Online. Oxford University Press, accessed May 27, 2015, (subscription required )〕 Other techniques used casting with moulds, or built up the design with wire or small strips of metal. Essentially flat objects are straightforward to cast using moulds of clay or other materials, and this technique was known in ancient China since before the Shang Dynasty of c. 1600 to 1046 BC.〔Department of Asian Art. ("Shang and Zhou Dynasties: The Bronze Age of China" ). In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–. (October 2004)〕 On a larger scale in metal, wrought iron and cast iron decoration more often than not has involved openwork. Scythian metalwork, which was typically worn on the person, or at least carried about by wagon, uses openwork heavily,〔Timothy Taylor. "Scythian and Sarmatian art." Grove Art Online, Oxford Art Online. Oxford University Press, accessed May 27, 2015, (subscription required )〕 probably partly to save weight. Sukashibori (roughly translating to "see-through work") is the Japanese term covering a number of openwork techniques, which have been very popular in Japanese art.〔 (revised edition; 1964 first ed.), p.132/133〕 In ceramics, if objects such as sieves are excluded (openwork bases for these existed in the West from classical times), decorative openwork long remained mainly a feature of East Asian ceramics, with Korean ceramics especially fond of the technique from an early date.〔Whitfield, Roger (ed), ''Treasures from Korea: Art Through 5000 Years'', p. 68, 1984, British Museum Publications, ISBN 0-7141-1430-8, 9780714114309. Openwork bases and pedestals "became the characteristic and dominant forms in ceramics" in the Gaya confederacy period.〕 There was little use of it in European ceramics before the 18th century, when designs, mostly using lattice panels, were popular in rococo ceramic "baskets", and later in English silver trays. Openwork sections can be made either by cutting into a conventional solid body before firing, or by building up using strips of clay, the latter often used when loose wickerwork is being imitated. In glass openwork is rather less common, but the spectacular Ancient Roman cage cups use it for a decorative outer layer. Some types of objects naturally suit or even require openwork, which allows a flow of air through screens, censers or incense burners, pomanders,〔Aftel, mandy, ''Fragrant: The Secret Life of Scent'', 2014, Penguin, ISBN 1101614684, 9781101614686, (p. 129 )〕 sprinklers, ventilation grilles and panels, and various parts of heating systems. For exterior screens openwork designs allow looking out, but not looking in. For gates and other types of screens, security is required, but visibility may also be wanted. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Openwork」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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