|
Ophioglossaceae, the adder's-tongue family, is a family of ferns, currently thought to be most closely related to Psilotaceae, the two together comprising the class Psilotopsida as the sibling group to the rest of the ferns. The Ophioglossaceae is one of two groups of ferns traditionally known as eusporangiate ferns. The number of genera included in the family varies between different authors' treatments, and most conservatively the family is treated as containing four genera, ''Ophioglossum'', ''Botrychium'', ''Helminthostachys'', and ''Mankyua'' (placed in two to four separate families in other treatments). A broad definition of the family and its genera have been taken in several recent treatments. A notable exception is the classification of Kato, who advocated the division of ''Botrychium'' into four genera: ''Botrychium'' s.s., ''Sceptridium'', ''Japanobotrychium'', and ''Botrypus''. These ferns differ from the other ferns in several respects: * they produce only a single leaf at a time * instead of the leptosporangia typical of most ferns they produce eusporangia, which are larger, contain more spores, and have thicker walls * their sporophylls are divided into two distinct parts, the sporophore which produces sporangia and has a greatly reduced and modified blade, and the trophophore, which is very similar to the trophophylls in size, color, shape, and so forth * their gametophytes are subterranean and rely on fungi for their energy (in other words, they are mycoheterotrophic), unlike the terrestrial, photosynthetic gametophytes found in most ferns. Members of Ophioglossaceae are usually terrestrial (excepting a few epiphytic species of ''Ophioglossum'') and occur in both temperate and tropical areas. The leaves are usually fleshy, and in temperate areas will often turn brownish or reddish during colder months. In addition to having mycoheterotrophic gametophytes, there are a few members of ''Botrychium'' that are unique among ferns in having the sporophytes also mycoheterotrophic, producing only small, ephemeral sporophylls that do not photosynthesize. Adder's tongue (''Ophioglossum reticulatum), ''a member of this family'', ''is notable for having as many as 1260 chromosomes. For comparison, humans have 46 chromosomes, consisting of 23 pairs. ==References== *C.Michael Hogan. 2010. (''Fern''. Encyclopedia of Earth. National council for Science and the Environment ). Washington, DC *(Ophioglossaceae in Flora of North America ) (incl. Botrychiaceae) 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Ophioglossaceae」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|