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Oprah Gail Winfrey (born January 29, 1954) is an American media proprietor, talk show host, actress, producer, and philanthropist.〔 Winfrey is best known for her talk show ''The Oprah Winfrey Show'', which was the highest-rated program of its kind in history and was nationally syndicated from 1986 to 2011. Dubbed the "Queen of All Media", she has been ranked the richest African-American of the 20th century, the greatest black philanthropist in American history,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Biography.com )〕 and is currently (2015) North America's only black billionaire. Several assessments regard her as the most influential woman in the world. In 2013, she was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Barack Obama and honorary doctorate degrees from Duke and Harvard.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Oprah Winfrey Receives Honorary Degree at Harvard, Tells Graduates to Max Out Your Humanity | E! Online )〕 Winfrey was born into poverty in rural Mississippi to a teenage single mother and later raised in an inner-city Milwaukee neighborhood. She experienced considerable hardship during her childhood, saying she was raped at age nine and became pregnant at 14; her son died in infancy.〔 Sent to live with the man she calls her father, a barber in Tennessee, Winfrey landed a job in radio while still in high school and began co-anchoring the local evening news at the age of 19. Her emotional ad-lib delivery eventually got her transferred to the daytime-talk-show arena, and after boosting a third-rated local Chicago talk show to first place, she launched her own production company and became internationally syndicated. Credited with creating a more intimate confessional form of media communication, she is thought to have popularized and revolutionized〔〔 the tabloid talk show genre pioneered by Phil Donahue,〔 which a Yale study says broke 20th-century taboos and allowed LGBT people to enter the mainstream.〔(【引用サイトリンク】publisher=University of Chicago Press )〕 By the mid-1990s she had reinvented her show with a focus on literature, self-improvement, and spirituality. Though criticized for unleashing a confession culture, promoting controversial self-help ideas, and an emotion-centered approach, she is often praised for overcoming adversity to become a benefactor to others. From 2006 to 2008, her support of Barack Obama, by one estimate, delivered over a million votes in the close 2008 Democratic primary race. ==Early life== Winfrey was named "Orpah" after the biblical figure in the Book of Ruth on her birth certificate, but people mispronounced it regularly and "Oprah" stuck.〔 Winfrey was born in Kosciusko, Mississippi, to an unmarried teenage mother. She later said that her conception was due to a single sexual encounter and the couple broke up not long after.〔Jill Nelson, "The Man Who Saved Oprah Winfrey", ''The Washington Post'', December 14, 1981; p. W30〕 Her mother, Vernita Lee (born c. 1935), was a housemaid. Winfrey's biological father is usually noted as Vernon Winfrey (born 1933), a coal miner turned barber turned city councilman who had been in the Armed Forces when she was born. However, Mississippi farmer and World War II veteran Noah Robinson, Sr. (born c. 1925) has claimed to be her biological father. A genetic test in 2006 determined that her matrilineal line originated among the Kpelle ethnic group, in the area that today is Liberia. Her genetic makeup was determined to be 89% Sub-Saharan African, 8% Native American, and 3% East Asian. However, the East Asian may, given the imprecision of genetic testing, actually be Native American markers.〔() ''Finding Oprah's Roots: Finding Your Own'', by Henry Louis Gates, page 154, at Google Books〕 After Winfrey's birth, her mother traveled north and Winfrey spent her first six years living in rural poverty with her maternal grandmother, Hattie Mae (Presley) Lee (April 15, 1900 – February 27, 1963), who was so poor that Winfrey often wore dresses made of potato sacks, for which the local children made fun of her.〔("You go, girl" "The Observer Profile: Oprah Winfrey" ) ''The Observer'' (UK), November 20, 2005〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Ancestry of Oprah Winfrey )〕 Her grandmother taught her to read before the age of three and took her to the local church, where she was nicknamed "The Preacher" for her ability to recite Bible verses. When Winfrey was a child, her grandmother would hit her with a stick when she did not do chores or if she misbehaved in any way.〔Krohn, Katherine E, (''Oprah Winfrey: Global Media Leader (USA Today)'' ), (Krohn, 2002), ISBN 978-1-58013-571-9, p. 9〕 At age six, Winfrey moved to an inner-city neighborhood in Milwaukee, Wisconsin with her mother Vernita Lee, who was less supportive and encouraging than her grandmother had been, largely as a result of the long hours she worked as a maid.〔Jill Nelson. "The Man Who Saved Oprah Winfrey". ''Washington Post'', December 14, 1986, p. W30〕 Around this time, Lee had given birth to another daughter, Winfrey's younger half-sister, Patricia〔Mair (1999) pg 12〕 who later (in February 2003, at age 43) died of causes related to cocaine addiction.〔Garson, Helen S. (''Oprah Winfrey: A Biography'' ), (Greenwood, 2004), ISBN 978-0-313-32339-3, p. 20〕 By 1962, Lee was having difficulty raising both daughters so Winfrey was temporarily sent to live with Vernon in Nashville, Tennessee.〔Mair (1999) pg 13–14〕 While Winfrey was in Nashville, Lee gave birth to a third daughter who was put up for adoption (in the hope of easing the financial straits that had led to Lee's being on welfare) and later also named Patricia.〔 Winfrey did not learn she had a second half-sister until 2010.〔Oldenburg, Ann. ("Oprah's Secret Is Out!" ), ''USA Today'', January 24, 2011. (WebCitation archive ).〕 By the time Winfrey moved back in with Lee, Lee had also given birth to a boy named Jeffrey, Winfrey's half-brother, who died of AIDS-related causes in 1989.〔 Winfrey has stated she was molested by her cousin, uncle, and a family friend, starting when she was nine years old, something she first announced to her viewers on a 1986 episode of her TV show regarding sexual abuse.〔Lee Winfrey, "Praise from All Corners for New Talk Show Host", ''Syracuse Herald Journal'', September 9, 1986, p. 44〕〔Thomas Morgan. "Troubled Girl's Evolution into an Oscar Nominee". ''New York Times'', March 4, 1986, p. C17〕 When Winfrey discussed the alleged abuse with family members at age 24, they refused to accept what she said.〔Garson, Helen S. (''Oprah Winfrey: A Biography'' ), (Greenwood, 2004), ISBN 978-0-313-32339-3, p. 22〕 Winfrey once commented that she had chosen not to be a mother because she had not been mothered well. At 13, after suffering years of abuse, Winfrey ran away from home.〔 When she was 14, she became pregnant but her son was born prematurely and he died shortly after birth.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.thebiographychannel.co.uk/biography_story/169:1814/1/Oprah_Winfrey.htm )〕 Winfrey later stated she felt betrayed by the family member who had sold the story of her son to the ''National Enquirer'' in 1990. She began going to Lincoln High School; but after early success in the Upward Bound program, was transferred to the affluent suburban Nicolet High School, where she says her poverty was constantly rubbed in her face as she rode the bus to school with fellow African-Americans, some of whom were servants of her classmates' families. She began to steal money from her mother in an effort to keep up with her free-spending peers, to lie to and argue with her mother, and to go out with older boys.〔Nagle, Jeanne M. ''Oprah Winfrey: Profile of a Media Mogul'' Rosen Publishing, 2007; p. 12〕 Her frustrated mother once again sent her to live with Vernon in Nashville, Tennessee, though this time she did not take her back. Vernon was strict, but encouraging, and made her education a priority. Winfrey became an honors student, was voted Most Popular Girl, and joined her high school speech team at East Nashville High School, placing second in the nation in dramatic interpretation.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Biography.com )〕 She won an oratory contest, which secured her a full scholarship to Tennessee State University, a historically black institution, where she studied communication. Her first job as a teenager was working at a local grocery store. At age 17, Winfrey won the Miss Black Tennessee beauty pageant.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Oprah Winfrey Biography )〕 She also attracted the attention of the local black radio station, WVOL, which hired her to do the news part-time.〔 She worked there during her senior year of high school, and again while in her first two years of college. Winfrey's career choice in media would not have surprised her grandmother, who once said that ever since Winfrey could talk, she was on stage. As a child, she played games interviewing her corncob doll and the crows on the fence of her family's property. Winfrey later acknowledged her grandmother's influence, saying it was Hattie Mae who had encouraged her to speak in public and "gave me a positive sense of myself".〔Mel Novit. "Oprah: Talk Show Dynamo Treats the Audience Like a Friend". Syracuse Post-Standard, September 14, 1986, p. A9〕 Working in local media, she was both the youngest news anchor and the first black female news anchor at Nashville's WLAC-TV. She moved to Baltimore's WJZ-TV in 1976 to co-anchor the six o'clock news. She was then recruited to join Richard Sher as co-host of WJZ's local talk show ''People Are Talking'', which premiered on August 14, 1978. She also hosted the local version of ''Dialing for Dollars'' there. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Oprah Winfrey」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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