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Orbivirus
The genus Orbivirus is a member of the Reoviridae family, in the subfamily Sedoreovirinae. This genus currently contains 22 species (including the type species Bluetongue virus) and at least 130 different serotypes.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Virus Taxonomy: 2014 Release )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://viralzone.expasy.org/all_by_species/106.html )〕 Orbiviruses can infect and replicate within a wide range of arthropod and vertebrate hosts. Orbiviruses are named after their characteristic doughnut shaped capsomers (''Orbi'' in Latin means ring).
Many orbiviruses are transmitted by ticks or haematophagus insect vectors (''Culicoides'', mosquitoes and sand flies) and have a wide host range that includes cattle, goats and sheep, wild ruminants, equids, camelids, marsupials, sloths, bats, birds, large canine and feline carnivores and humans.
The three economically most important orbiviruses are Bluetongue virus, African horse sickness virus and Epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus all of which are transmitted by ''Culicoides'' species.
==Virus Particles==
The virons are non-enveloped particles that are between 70-80 nm in diameter. The virus particles are spherical in appearance and have icosahedral symmetry. An outer and an inner capsid layer surround the genome, and have T=13 and T=2 symmetry, respectively.〔 The viron is constructed of two concentric protein shells, the sub-core layer which contain 120 copies/particle of the VP3 and the core-surface layer composed of 780 copies/particle of the VP7. VP1, VP4 and VP6 are minor enzymatic proteins that are packaged along with the ten genome segments within the central space of the virus core. The orbivirus outer-capsid layer is composed of two additional structural proteins (VP2 and VP5) which mediate cell-attachment and penetration during initiation of infection. The outer-capsid proteins are more variable than the core proteins and most of the non-structural proteins and the specificity of their reactions with neutralising antibodies determines the virus serotype.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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