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Nicole Oresme
Nicole Oresme (; c. 1320–1325 – July 11, 1382), also known as Nicolas Oresme, Nicholas Oresme, or Nicolas d'Oresme, was a significant philosopher of the later Middle Ages. He wrote influential works on economics, mathematics, physics, astrology and astronomy, philosophy, and theology; was Bishop of Lisieux, a translator, a counselor of King Charles V of France, and probably one of the most original thinkers of the 14th century.
==Oresme's life==
Nicole Oresme was born c. 1320-1325 in the village of Allemagne (today's Fleury-sur-Orne) in the vicinity of Caen, Normandy, in the diocese of Bayeux. Practically nothing is known concerning his family. The fact that Oresme attended the royally sponsored and subsidized College of Navarre, an institution for students too poor to pay their expenses while studying at the University of Paris, makes it probable that he came from a peasant family.〔Edward Grant, ed., ''De proportionibus proportionum and Ad pauca respicientes,'' (Madison: University of Wisconsin Pr., 1966), p. 4.〕
Oresme studied the "artes" in Paris, together with Jean Buridan (the so-called founder of the French school of natural philosophy), Albert of Saxony and perhaps Marsilius of Inghen, and there received the Magister Artium. He was already a regent master in arts by 1342, during the crisis over William of Ockham's natural philosophy.〔William J. Courtenay, The Early Career of Nicole Oresme, ''Isis'', Vol. 91, No.3 (Sept., 2000), pp 542–548.〕
In 1348, he was a student of theology in Paris. In 1356, he received his doctorate and in the same year he became grand master (''grand-maître'') of the College of Navarre. In 1364, he was appointed dean of the Cathedral of Rouen. Around 1369, he began a series of translations of Aristotelian works at the request of Charles V, who granted him a pension in 1371 and, with royal support, was appointed bishop of Lisieux in 1377. In 1382, he died in Lisieux.〔Edward Grant, ed., ''De proportionibus proportionum and Ad pauca respicientes,'' (Madison: University of Wisconsin Pr., 1966), pp. 4–10.〕
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