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Orthorexia nervosa
Orthorexia nervosa (also known as orthorexia) is an eating disorder characterized by an extreme or excessive preoccupation with avoiding foods perceived to be unhealthy. The term ''orthorexia'' derives from the Greek ορθο- (''ortho'', "right" or "correct"), and όρεξις (''orexis'', "appetite"), literally meaning 'correct appetite', but in practice meaning 'correct diet'. It was introduced in 1997 by Steven Bratman, M.D., to be used as a parallel with other eating disorders, such as anorexia nervosa. Orthorexia nervosa is not considered to be an eating disorder according to the American Psychiatric Association, and is not mentioned as an official diagnosis in the widely used DSM. The term was coined by Bratman〔http://udini.proquest.com/view/in-sickness-and-in-health-pqid:2428837551/ In Sickness and In Health: Orthorexia Nervosa, the Study of Obsessive Healthy Eating〕 who claims that in rare cases, this focus may turn into a fixation so extreme that it can lead to severe malnutrition or even death. Even in less severe cases, the attempt to follow a diet that cannot provide adequate nourishment is said to lower self-esteem as the orthorexics blame themselves rather than their diets for their constant hunger and the resulting cravings for forbidden foods.
In 2009, Ursula Philpot, chair of the British Dietetic Association and senior lecturer at Leeds Metropolitan University, described people with ''orthorexia nervosa'' to ''The Guardian'' as being "solely concerned with the quality of the food they put in their bodies, refining and restricting their diets according to their personal understanding of which foods are truly 'pure'." This differs from other eating disorders, such as anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa, whereby people focus on the quantity of food eaten.〔
== History ==
Steven Bratman coined the term "orthorexia nervosa" in 1997 from the Greek ''orthos'', meaning "correct or right", and ''orexis'', meaning "appetite".〔S. Bratman, D. Knight: ''Health food junkies''. Broadway Books, New York, 2000.〕 Literally "correct appetite", the word is modeled on ''anorexia'', meaning "without appetite", as used in definition of the condition anorexia nervosa. Bratman describes orthorexia as an unhealthy fixation with what the individual considers to be healthy eating. The subject may avoid certain unhealthy foods, such as those containing fat, preservatives, man-made food-additives, animal products, or other ingredients considered by the subject to be unhealthy. If the sufferer does not eat appropriately, malnutrition can ensue. Bratman claims orthorexia sufferers have specific preferences about the foods they are eating and avoiding. Products that are preserved with additives can be considered dangerous. Industrial products can be seen as artificial, whereas fruits and vegetables can be seen as healthy. Bratman asserts that "emaciation is common among followers of certain health food diets, such as rawfoodism, and this can at times reach the extremes seen in anorexia nervosa." In addition, he claims that "anorexic orthorexia" can be as dangerous as anorexia. However, he states, "the underlying motivation is quite different. While an anorexic wants to lose weight, an orthorexic does not desire to become thin〔 but wants to feel pure, healthy and natural. Eating disorder specialists may fail to understand this distinction, leading to a disconnect between orthorexic and physician."〔〔(Palo Alto Medical Foundation Summary of Eating Disorders )〕
According to the ''Macmillan English Dictionary,'' the word is entering the English lexicon.〔(Macmillan English Dictionary entry for ''Orthorexia Nervosa'' )〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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