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Osceola (1804 – January 30, 1838), born as Billy Powell, became an influential leader of the Seminole in Florida. Of mixed parentage, Creek, Scots-Irish, and English, he was raised as a Creek by his mother, as the tribe had a matrilineal kinship system. They migrated to Florida when he was a child, with other Red Stick refugees, after their defeat in 1814 in the Creek Wars. In 1836, Osceola led a small band of warriors in the Seminole resistance during the Second Seminole War, when the United States tried to remove the tribe from their lands in Florida. He became an adviser to Micanopy, the principal chief of the Seminole from 1825 to 1849.〔("Osceola, the Man and the Myths" ), retrieved January 11, 2007 〕 Osceola led the war resistance until he was captured in September 1837 by deception, under a flag of truce,〔John K. Mahon, HISTORY OF THE SEMINOLE WAR 1835-1842, Second edition (Gainesville: University of Florida, 1985), p. 214. "General Jessup now reached the decision which was to make him more infamous than famous in the eyes of many generations. He decided to persist in his new policy of ignoring flags of truce."〕 when he went to a US fort for peace talks. Because of his renown, Osceola attracted visitors as well as leading portrait painters. He died a few months later in prison at Fort Moultrie in Charleston, South Carolina, of causes reported as an internal infection or malaria. ==Early life== Osceola was named Billy Powell at birth in 1804 in the Creek village of ''Talisi''. now known as Tallassee, Alabama, in current Elmore County. "The people in the town of Tallassee...were mixed-blood Native American/English/Irish/Scottish, and some were black. Billy was all of these."〔("Osceola Seminole Chief" ), ''Myths and Dreams: Exploring the Cultural Legacies of Florida and the Caribbean'', Kislak Foundation, 1999–2002, Historical Museum of Southern Florida, retrieved October 10, 2009〕 His mother was Polly Coppinger, a Creek woman, and his father was William Powell, an English trader.〔("Osceola" ), ''The Florida Memory Project'', Florida State Library and Archives, retrieved January 27, 2007〕 Polly was the daughter of Ann McQueen and Jose Coppinger. Because the Creek have a matrilineal kinship system, Polly and Ann's other children were all considered to be born into their mother's clan; they were reared as traditional Creek and gained their status from their mother's people. Ann McQueen was also mixed-race Creek; her father, James McQueen, was Scots-Irish. Ann was probably the sister or aunt of Peter McQueen, a prominent Creek leader and warrior. Like his mother, Billy was raised in the Creek tribe. Like his father, Billy's maternal grandfather James McQueen was also a trader; in 1714 he was the first European to trade with the Creek in Alabama. He stayed in the area as a fur trader and married into the Creek tribe and became closely involved with this people. He is buried in the Indian cemetery in Franklin, Alabama, near a Methodist Missionary Church for the Creek. In 1814, after the Red Stick Creek were defeated by United States forces, Polly took Osceola and moved with other Creek refugees from Alabama to Florida, where they joined the Seminole. In adulthood, as part of the Seminole, Powell was given his name ''Osceola'' ( or ). This is an anglicized form of the Creek ''Asi-yahola'' (pronounced ); the combination of ''asi'', the ceremonial black drink made from the yaupon holly, and ''yahola'', meaning "shout" or "shouter".〔〔Bright, William ''Native American Placenames of the United States'', University of Oklahoma Press, 2004. p. 185 ISBN 978-0-8061-3598-4〕 In 1821, the United States acquired Florida from Spain. More European-American settlers started moving in, encroaching on the Seminole. After early military skirmishes and the 1823 Treaty of Moultrie Creek, by which the US seized the northern Seminole lands, Osceola and his family moved with the Seminole deeper into central and southern Florida. As an adult, Osceola took two wives, as did some other Creek and Seminole leaders. With them, he had at least five children. One of his wives was an African American, and he fiercely opposed the enslavement of free peoples. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Osceola」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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