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Osraige, also known as Osraighe or Ossory (modern (アイルランド語:Osraí)), was a medieval Irish kingdom comprising most of present-day County Kilkenny and western County Laois. The home of the Osraige people, it existed from around the first century until the Norman invasion of Ireland in the 12th century. It was ruled by the Dál Birn dynasts, whose medieval descendants assumed the name Mac Giolla Phádraig. The name survives in the Catholic Diocese of Ossory, established in the 5th century, which continues to use roughly the same borders. According to tradition, Osraige was founded by Óengus Osrithe in the 1st century and was originally within Leinster's polity. In the 5th century, the Corcu Loígde of Munster displaced the Dál Birn and brought Osraige under Munster's direct control. The Dál Birn returned to power in the 7th century, though Osraige remained nominally part of Munster until 859, when it achieved formal independence under the powerful king Cerball mac Dúnlainge. Osraige's rulers remained major players in Irish politics for the next three centuries, though they never vied for the High Kingship. In the early 12th century, dynastic infighting fragmented the kingdom, and it was re-adjoined to Leinster. The Normans under Strongbow invaded Ireland beginning in 1169, and most of Osraige collapsed under pressure from Norman leader William Marshal. The northern part of the kingdom, eventually known as Upper Ossory, survived intact under the hereditary lordship until the reign of King Henry VIII of England, when it was formally incorporated as a barony of the same name. ==Geography== The ancient Osraige inhabited the fertile land around the River Nore valley, occupying nearly all of what is modern County Kilkenny and the western half of neighbouring County Laois. To the west and south, Osraige was bounded by the River Suir and what is now Waterford Harbour; to the east, the watershed of the River Barrow marked the boundary with Leinster (including Gowran); to the north, it extended into and beyond the Slieve Bloom Mountains. These three principal rivers- the Nore, the Barrow, and the Suir- which unite just north of Waterford City were collectively known as the "Three Sisters" ((アイルランド語:Cumar na dTrí Uisce)). Like many other Irish kingdoms, the tribal name of ''Osraighe'' also came to be applied to the territory they occupied; thus, wherever the Osraige dwelt became known as Osraige. The kingdom's most significant neighbours were the Loígsi, Uí Ceinnselaig and Uí Bairrche of Leinster to the north and east and the Déisi, Eóganacht Chaisil and Éile of Munster to the south and west.〔Byrne, ''Irish kings and high-kings'', maps on pp. 133 & 172–173; Charles-Edwards, ''Early Christian Ireland'', p. 236, map 9 & p. 532, map 13.〕 Some of the highest points of land are Brandon Hill (County Kilkenny) and Arderin (on the Laois-Offaly border). Historically, the ancient Slige Dala road ran southwest through Osraige from the Hill of Tara towards Munster.〔''The Metrical Dindshenchas'', Poem 52. Found online through UCC, CELT, here: http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/G106500C/〕〔''An Analysis of Pre-Christian Ireland Using Mythology and A GIS'': http://proceedings.esri.com/library/userconf/proc02/pap1030/p1030.htm〕 File:Nore River Map.jpg|Topography of Osraige; note location of the "Three Sisters". File:Young River Barrow - geograph.org.uk - 1227156.jpg|The source of the River Barrow in the Slieve Bloom Mountains File:River Nore - geograph.org.uk - 514252.jpg|The River Nore File:River Suir, Drumdowney, Co. Kilkenny - geograph.org.uk - 1317661.jpg|The River Suir File:SlieveBloomMountains.jpg|The Slieve Blooms File:BrandonHill91.jpg|Cnoc Bhréanail, aka Brandon Hill, the highest elevation in Kilkenny 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Osraige」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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