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''Ostarbeiter'' (English: 'eastern worker(s)') was a designation for slave workers gathered from Central and Eastern Europe to do forced labor in Germany during World War II. The ''Ostarbeiter'' were mostly from the territory of Reichskommissariat Ukraine (eastern Ukraine). Ukrainians made up the largest portion although many Belarusians, Poles, Russians, and Tatars were also present.〔 (Павел Полян - Остарбайтеры )〕 Estimates put the number of ''Ostarbeiter'' between 3 million and 5.5 million.〔 Most were very young, under the age of 16, as those older than 16 were usually conscripted. 30% were as young as 12–14 years of age when they were taken to Germany.〔 By November 1943 the age limit was dropped to 10.〔 50% of those taken from Ukraine were girls and women. ''Ostarbeiter'' from the Reichskommissariat Ukraine were forced to wear a dark blue and white badge with "OST" written on it, the German word for ''east'' in upper-case letters. ==Terminology== The official German records for the late summer of 1944 listed 7.6 million foreign civilian workers and prisoners of war in the territory of the "Greater German Reich", who for the most part had been brought there for employment by force.〔(The Army of Millions of the Modern Slave State: Deported, used, forgotten: Who were the forced workers of the Third Reich, and what fate awaited them? by Ulrich Herbert )〕 Thus, they represent roughly a quarter of all registered workers in the entire economy of the German Reich at that time.〔 A class system was created amongst the ''Fremdarbeiter'' (foreign workers) brought to Germany to work for the Third Reich. The multi-layered system was based on layers of national hierarchies. ''Gastarbeitnehmer'' # *guest workers # * *Germanic, Scandinavian and Italian workers. #''Zwangsarbeiter'' # *forced workers ##''Militärinternierte'' ## *military internees ## * *Primarily POWs ##''Zivilarbeiter'' ## *civilian workers ## * *Primarily Polish prisoners from the General Government - They received lower wages and food rations and had to work longer hours than Germans, could not use public conveniences (such as public transportation, restaurants, or churches), were forbidden to possess certain items, and were required to wear a sign - the "Polish P" - attached to their clothing. ##''Ostarbeiter'' ## *Eastern workers ## * *Eastern worker were primarily from "Reichskommissariat Ukraine". They were marked with a badge reading "OST" (''east'') and were subject to even harsher conditions than the civilian workers. They were forced to live in special camps that were fenced with barbed wire and under guard, and were particularly exposed to the arbitrariness of the Gestapo and the commercial industrial plant guards. At the end of the war 5.5 million ''Ostarbeiter'' were returned to the USSR.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Ostarbeiter」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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