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Ostomachion
''Ostomachion'', also known as ''loculus Archimedius'' (Archimedes' box in Latin) and also as ''syntomachion'', is a mathematical treatise attributed to Archimedes. This work has survived fragmentarily in an Arabic version and in a copy of the original ancient Greek text made in Byzantine times.〔Darling, David (2004). ''The universal book of mathematics: from Abracadabra to Zeno's paradoxes''. John Wiley and Sons, p. 188. ISBN 0-471-27047-4〕 The word Ostomachion has as its roots in the Greek Ὀστομάχιον,〔(ὀστομάχιον ),
Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek-English Lexicon'', on Perseus Digital Library〕 which means "bone-fight", from ὀστέον (''osteon''), "bone"〔(ὀστέον ), Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek-English Lexicon'', on Perseus Digital Library〕 and μάχη (''mache''), "fight, battle, combat".〔(μάχη ), Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek-English Lexicon'', on Perseus Digital Library〕 Note that the manuscripts refer to the word as "Stomachion", an apparent corruption of the original Greek. Ausonius gives us the correct name "Ostomachion" (''quod Graeci ostomachion vocavere,'' "which the Greeks called ostomachion"). The Ostomachion which he describes was a puzzle similar to tangrams and was played perhaps by several persons with pieces made of bone.〔Ausonii ''Cento nuptialis'' in ''Monumenta Germaniae Historica'', auctores antiquissimi, vol. 5, part 2: D. Magni Ausonii opuscola, Berolini apud Weidmannos, 1883, (pagg. 140-41 ).〕 It is not known which is older, Archimedes' geometrical investigation of the figure, or the game. Victorinus,〔Ars grammatica, III, 1 in ''Grammatici latini'', Lipsiae in aedibus R. G. Teubneri, 1857, vol. 6, part 1, (pagg. 100-01 ).〕 Bassus〔De metris, 9 in ''Grammatici latini'' cit., (pagg. 271-72 ),〕 Ennodius〔''Carmen CCCXL (2, 133)'' in ''Monumenta Germaniae Historica'', auctores antiquissimi, vol. 7, Magni Felicis Ennodi opera, Berolini apud Weidmannos, 1885, (pag. 249 )〕 and Lucretius〔''De rerum natura'', II, 776-787 cited in 〕 have talked about the game too.
==Game==
The game is a 14-piece dissection puzzle forming a square. One form of play to which classical texts attest is the creation of different objects, animals, plants etc. by rearranging the pieces: an elephant, a tree, a barking dog, a ship, a sword, a tower etc. Another suggestion is that it exercised and developed memory skills in the young. James Gow, in his Short History of Greek Mathematics (1884), footnotes that the purpose was to put the pieces back in their box, and this was also a view expressed by W. W. Rouse Ball in some intermediate editions of Mathematical Essays and Recreations, but edited out from 1939.
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