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''Otium'', a Latin abstract term, has a variety of meanings, including leisure time in which a person can enjoy eating, playing, resting, contemplation and academic endeavors. It sometimes, but not always, relates to a time in a person's retirement after previous service to the public or private sector, opposing "active public life". ''Otium'' can be a temporary time of leisure, that is sporadic. It can have intellectual, virtuous or immoral implications. It originally had the idea of withdrawing from one's daily business (''negotium'') or affairs to engage in activities that were considered to be artistically valuable or enlightening (''i.e.'' speaking, writing, philosophy). It had particular meaning to businessmen, diplomats, philosophers and poets.〔Garrison, p. 282〕 ==Etymology and origin== In ancient Roman culture ''otium'' was a military concept as its first Latin usage. This was in Ennius' ''Iphigenia.''〔Andre, pp. 17–24〕 ''Iphigenia'' (241–248) According to historian Carl Deroux in his work "Studies in Latin literature and Roman history" '' otium '' appears for the first time in a chorus of Ennius' Iphigenia.〔Deroux, p. 13〕 Ennius' first use of the term ''otium'' around 190 BC showed the restlessness and boredom during a reprieve from war and was termed ''otium negotiosum'' (free time to do what one wanted) and ''otium otiosum'' (idle wasteless free time).〔''(Leisure, Idleness and Virtuous Activity in Shakespearean Drama )'' by Unhae Langis, p. 2〕 Aulus Gellius, while discussing the word ''praeterpropter'' ("more or less") quotes a fragment of Ennius's ''Iphigenia'', which contrasts ''otium'' with ''negotium'' repeatedly.〔Aulus Gellius, ''Noctes Atticae'', (19, 10 ). For this fragment as the first instance of ''otium'' in the extant literature, see Eleanor Winsor Leach, "''Otium'' as ''Luxuria'': Economy of Status in the Younger Pliny's ''Letters''," ''Arethusa'' 36 (2003), p. 148.〕 Ennius imagined the emotions of Agamemnon's soldiers at Aulus, that while in the field and not at war and not allowed to go home, as "more or less" ''living''.〔Barton, p. 97〕 The earliest extant appearance of the word in Latin literature occurs in a fragment from the soldiers' chorus in the ''Iphigenia'' of Ennius, where it is contrasted to ''negotium''.〔Ennius, frg. XCIX in the edition of Jocelyn, ''otio qui nescit uti | plus negoti habet quam cum est negotium in negotio'', rendered by Jocelyn: "the man who has no job to do and does not know how to employ the resulting leisure has more difficulty than when there is difficulty in a job on hand". For this fragment as the first instance of ''otium'' in the extant literature, see Eleanor Winsor Leach, "''Otium'' as ''Luxuria'': Economy of Status in the Younger Pliny's ''Letters''," ''Arethusa'' 36 (2003), p. 148.〕 Researches have determined the etymological and semantic use of ''otium'' was never a direct translation of the Greek word "schole", but derived from specifically Roman contexts. ''Otium'' is an example of the usage of the term "praeterpropter", meaning more or less of leisure. It was first used in military terms related to inactivity of war.〔Sadlek, p. 33〕 In ancient Roman times soldiers were many times unoccupied, resting and bored to death when not at war (''i.e.'', winter months, weather not permitting war).〔 This was associated with ''otium otiosum'' (unoccupied and pointless leisure—idle leisure). The opposite of this was ''otium negotiosum'' (busy leisure) - leisure with a satisfying hobby or being able to take care of one's personal affairs or one's own estate. This was ''otium privatum'' (private leisure), equal to ''negotium'' (a type of business).〔("Leisure and idleness in the Renaissance: the ambivalence of otium" by Brian Vickers ), p. 6 ''The first recorded use of the term is in a fragment from a soldiers' chorus in Ennius' Iphigenia (c. 190 BC), whose preservation we owe to that philologian's ragbag, the Attic Nights of Aulus Gellius (c. 150 AD) - he cites it as an example of the usage of the word praeterpropter (19.10.12). The soldiers are unoccupied, resting and bored, wanting to return home. They distinguish between otium negotiosum, leisure with a satisfying occupation, which takes place in the city, around the hearth, and otium otiosum, unoccupied and pointless leisure, such as their prolonged stay in the countryside, which they find disorientating. Andre argues that otium originally had military, not pastoral associations, referring to the enforced inactivity that coincided each year with the dead months of winter (especially January and February), unsuitable for war, farming or fishing.''〕 Our oldest citation for ''otium'' is this chorus of soldiers, singing about idleness on campaign, in an otherwise lost Latin tragedy by Ennius.〔Andre, pp. 17-24, The tragedy is Ennius's ''Iphigenia'', ''apud'' Aulus Gellius, ''Noctes Atticae'', (19, 10 ) (a discussion of a different word in the same fragment).〕 Andre shows in these lines that Ennius is showing the soldiers in the field would rather go home tending to their own affairs (''otium'') than to be idle doing nothing.〔Andre, p. 17〕 Its military origin meant to stop fighting in battle and laying down of the weapons〔Bernard, p. 16〕 - a time for peace.〔Bright, page 217〕 Even though originally ''otium'' was a military concept in early Roman culture of laying down one's weapons,〔Bright, p. 217〕 it later became an elite prestigious time for caring for onesself.〔Stiegler, pp 53-4〕 The ancient Romans had a sense of obligatory work ethics in their culture and considered the idle-leisure definition of ''otium'' as a waste of time.〔Andre, pp. 27-30〕 Historians of ancient Roman considered ''otium'' a time of laborious leisure of much personal duties instead of public duties.〔Toner, p. 147〕〔Paoli, p. 183〕 Author Almasi shows that historians Jean-Marie Andre and Brian Vickers point out the only legitimate form of ''otium'' was transpired with intellectual activity.〔Almasi, p. 115〕 ''Otium'' was thought of by the wise elite as being free from work and other obligations (''negotium'') and leisure time spent on productive activities, however a time that should not be wasted as was thought the non-elite did with their leisure time.〔Taplin, p. 493〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Otium」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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