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Otpor! (, (英語:Resistance!)) was a political organization in Serbia (then a federal unit within FR Yugoslavia) whose six-year existence from 1998 until 2004 consists of three distinct parts. In its initial period, 1998-2000, Otpor! began as a civic protest group, eventually turning into a movement, adopting the ''Narodni pokret'' (the People's Movement) moniker, against the policies of the Serbian authorities that were under the influence of Slobodan Milošević who at the time performed the role of the President of Yugoslavia. Following Milošević's overthrow in October 2000, Otpor! initiated another transformation, this time into a political watchdog organization intent on monitoring the governing activities of the post-Milošević authorities gathered in the DOS coalition. Finally, during fall 2003, Otpor! reconstituted into a political party that soon folded following its failure to get into the Serbian parliament at the 2003 elections. Founded and best known as an organization employing nonviolent struggle as a course of action against the Milošević-controlled Serbian authorities, Otpor! grew into a civic youth movement whose activity culminated on 5 October 2000 with Milošević's overthrow. In the course of a two-year nonviolent struggle against Milošević, Otpor! spread across Serbia, attracting in its heyday more than 70,000 supporters who were credited for their role in the 5 October overthrow.〔(); "The Rise Of Youth Movements In The Post Communist Region", Olena Nikolayenko, Center For Democracy Development, Stanford,19 June 2009〕 Initially after the overthrow, Otpor! envisioned its role to be that of a political watchdog organization in Serbia. It launched campaigns to hold the new government accountable, pressing for democratic reforms and fighting corruption, as well as insisting on cooperation with the International Criminal Tribunal (ICTY) at the Hague.〔(); "Resistance studies - University of Goetheborgh" November 2010〕 By 2003, ahead of the Serbian parliamentary elections, the group transformed into a political party, failing to pass the 5% threshold required for obtaining any seats in the parliament. Soon afterwards Otpor! ceased its activities by merging into the Democratic Party (DS). ==Initial activity== Otpor! was formed in Belgrade on 10 October 1998 in response to a controversial piece of legislation in Serbia — the university law — introduced earlier that year by the Serbian government under Prime Minister Mirko Marjanović. Also, days before Otpor! got announced, the government introduced a decree (uredba) outlining special measures in the wake of the ongoing NATO bombing threat. Citing the decree, on 14 October 1998, the government's Ministry of Information headed by Aleksandar Vučić banned the publishing of ''Dnevni telegraf'', ''Danas'', and ''Naša borba'', three Belgrade dailies whose respective editorial lines were in various degrees critical of the government. The newly formed group named Otpor! mostly consisted of the Demokratska omladina (Democratic Party's youth wing) members, activists of the various NGOs that operated in Serbia, and students from the two public universities in Belgrade — University of Belgrade and University of Arts. It quickly began growing from a small group into a network of similarly politically minded young people, many of whom were already veterans of anti-Milošević demonstrations such as the 1996-97 protests and the 9 March 1991 protest. With the actual political opposition in Serbia in disarray, the people gathered around Otpor! made a firm decision to go for a broad political movement rather than a traditional NGO or political party. Frustrated with the oppositional political leaders protecting their narrow personal and party interests, which often degenerated into infighting, the group also decided that "it would have no leaders".〔(); "Rage Against The Machine - Milja Jovanovic, People Building Peace", vol 2 European Centre for Conflict Prevention 2002〕 Early on, Otpor! established its vision in a piece titled the "Declaration of the Future of Serbia". The declaration became Otpor's strategic document defining the main problems it faces, objectives it's trying to achieve, and the methods it intends to use in order to achieve them. The declaration was signed and supported by all of the prominent student organizations in Serbia. Prominent people from various spheres of life gathered around Otpor; an advisory body was set up and its members became the main promoters of the declaration and Otpor's main idea.〔(); "OTPOR campaigns New Tactics" November 2010〕 In the beginning, Otpor's activities were limited to the University of Belgrade. In an effort of gathering some new nonpartisan energy, not to mention making it harder for the regime media to discredit and smear them as just another opposition political group, Otpor! avoided publicizing its ties to the Democratic Party (DS) even though the two organizations held similar political goals and shared many of the same members.〔(Dragan Džonić: Otporaši su dobili krila i poleteli );''Hereticus'', 20 April 2003〕 Early on they agreed the organization's symbol to be the clenched fist. The actual drawing was reportedly a product of a man in love: young designer Nenad "Duda" Petrović who was asked to create a logo by a girl he was in love with - she reportedly told him that it's for some student organization.〔(); "Canvas, Otpor, Pora: Serbia's brand is non-violent revolution" 31 March 2011〕〔(Pesnicu Otpora Vole Svi Svetski Buntovnici ) May 2010〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Otpor!」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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