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Ounjougou
Ounjougou is the name of a lieu-dit found in the middle of an important complex of archaeological sites in the Upper Yamé Valley on the Bandiagara Plateau, in Dogon Country, Mali. The analysis of many layers rich in archaeological and botanical remains has enabled establishment of a major chronological, cultural and environmental sequence crucial to understand settlement patterns in the Inland Niger Delta and West Africa. Today, the term Ounjougou is associated with the research undertaken within the international program "Human population and palaeoenvironment in Africa", created in 1997.〔Huysecom E. 2002. Palaeoenvironment and human population in West Africa : an international research project in Mali. Antiquity 76, 335-336.〕〔Huysecom E., 2014. Archaeology of the Ounjougou Site Complex. In : Smith C. (ed), Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology vol. 11, New-York: Springer, 5664-5670.〕 This program is coordinated at the University of Geneva (Switzerland) by the laboratory Archéologie et Peuplement de l'Afrique at the Anthropology Unit, Department of Genetics and Evolution.
== Geographic and historical context of research ==
A recent transformation of the Yamé River made possible the discovery of the archaeological richness of Ounjougou. Indeed, a major flood considerably changed the configuration of the watercourse by redesigning its much lower path, leading to strong regressive erosion in the surrounding Quaternary formations. This vertical incision, responsible for spectacular gullies now visible in the area, has created natural sections exceeding 10 meters in height.〔Rasse M., Soriano S., Tribolo Ch., Stokes S., Huysecom E. 2004. La séquence pléistocène supérieur d’Ounjougou (Pays dogon, Afrique de l’Ouest) : évolution géomorphologique, enregistrements sédimentaires et changements culturels. Quaternaire 15/4, 329-341.〕〔Rasse M., Ballouche A., Huysecom E., Tribolo Ch., Ozainne S., Le Drezen Y., Stokes S., Neumann K. 2006. Evolution géomorphologique, enregistrements sédimentaires et dynamiques paléoenvironnementales holocènes à Ounjougou (Plateau dogon, Mali, Afrique de l’Ouest). Quaternaire 17/1, 61-74.〕 The stratigraphic sequence revealed contains many archaeological layers attributable to a broad chronological range extending from the Lower Paleolithic to the present. The Ounjougou sequence is also notable for a series of extremely rich Holocene layers rich in well-preserved organic remains (charcoal, pollen, leaves, seeds and wood), offering the opportunity to directly address the relationship between human occupations and climatic and environmental variability throughout a long sequence. To optimally study this unique site in West Africa, the international research program "Human settlement and paleoenvironment in West Africa" was created in 1997.〔Huysecom E. 2002. Palaeoenvironment and human population in West Africa : an international research project in Mali. Antiquity 76, 335-336.〕
Research carried out at the Ounjougou site complex between 1997 and 2004 led to the proposal of an initial scenario for the history of human settlement in the Dogon Country which, however, still contained several archaeological or sedimentary gaps.〔Huysecom E., Ozainne S., Raeli F., Ballouche A., Rasse M., Stokes S. 2004. Ounjougou (Mali): A history of Holocene settlement at the southern edge of the Sahara. Antiquity 78, n° 301, 579-593.〕〔Mayor A., Huysecom E., Gallay A., Rasse M., Ballouche A. 2005. Population dynamics and Paleoclimate over the past 3000 years in the Dogon Country, Mali. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 24, 25-61.〕〔Ozainne S., Lespez L., Le Drezen Y., Eichhorn B., Neumann K., Huysecom E. 2009. Developing a chronology integrating archaeological and environmental data from different contexts: the Late Holocene sequence of Ounjougou (Mali). In: Hajdas I., Della Casa P., Egli M., Hügi V., van Willigen S., Wörle M. ''Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium On Radiocarbon and Archaeology (Zürich 26th-28th March 2008)''. Radiocarbon 51 (2), 457-470.〕 From 2005, research was progressively expanded to the Bandiagara Cliff and the Séno Plain with the aim of testing the settlement model defined at Ounjougou and understanding the different gaps shown in the Yamé Valley sequence. Many Pleistocene and Holocene sites were discovered.〔Huysecom E., Mayor A., Ozainne S., Robion-Brunner C., Ballouche A., Cissé L., Eichhorn B., Garnier A., Le Drezen Y., Lespez L., Loukou S., Rasse M, Sanogo K., Serneels V., Soriano S., Soulignac R., Taibi N. & Tribolo C. 2010. Le Pays dogon et son passé : apports de la douzième année de recherches du programme « Peuplement humain et évolution paléoclimatique en Afrique de l’Ouest ». In : Jahresbericht SLSA 2009. Zürich et Vaduz: Fondation Suisse-Liechtenstein pour les recherches archéologiques à l’étranger, 79-176.〕〔Soriano S., Rasse M., Tribolo C., Huysecom E., 2010. Ounjougou (Pays dogon, Mali) : une séquence à haute résolution pour le Paléolithique moyen d’Afrique sahélienne. Afrique. Archéologie et Arts, 6, 49-66.〕〔Tribolo C., Mercier N., Rasse M., Soriano S., Huysecom E. 2010. Kobo 1 and L’abri aux Vaches (Mali, West Africa): Two case studies for the optical dating of bioturbated sediments. Quaternary Geochronology 5, 317-323.〕〔Mayor, A. 2011. Traditions céramiques dans la boucle du Niger. Ethnoarchéologie et histoire du peuplement au temps des empires précoloniaux. Frankfurt am main : Africa Magna Verlag. (Journal of African archeology monograph series ; 7, Peuplement humain & paléoenvironnement en Afrique de l’Ouest ; 2).〕〔Ozainne S. 2013. Un Néolithique ouest-africain. Cadre chrono-culturel, économique et environnemental de l’Holocène récent en pays dogon (Mali). Journal of African Archaeology monograph series, 8 (Peuplement humain et paléoenvironnement en Afrique de l’Ouest, 3). Frankfurt am Main : Africa Magna Verlag〕〔Mayor A., Huysecom E., Ozainne S. & Magnavita S., 2014. Early social complexity in the Dogon Country (Mali) as evidenced by a new chronology of funerary practices, Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 34, 17-41.〕 Fieldwork in the Dogon Country was interrupted in 2011 due to increasingly unstable security conditions.
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