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Outwelling is a hypothesized process by which coastal salt marshes and mangroves, “hot spots” of production, produce an excess amount of carbon each year and “outwell” these organic nutrients and detritus into the surrounding coastal embayment or ocean, thus increasing the productivity of local fisheries or other coastal plants. Outwelling also nourishes plankton communities and causes a spike in activity.〔Wolanski, E. 2007. Estuarine Ecohydrology. Elsevier B.V., Amsterdam, The Netherlands.〕 The majority of outwelling is dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and some particulate organic carbon (POC)〔Alongi, D. 1998. Coastal ecosystem processes. CRC Press LLC. Boca Raton, Florida. USA.〕 Outwelling expels salt (90 g salt/m2), silicate (1.0 mmol/m2), orthophosphate (0.03 mmol/m2), and nitrate (0.04 mmol/m2) during each tidal cycle.〔Ridd, P., M. Sandstrom, E. Wolanski. 1988. Outwelling from tropical tidal salt flats. Estuarine, Coastal, and Shelf Science, Vol. 26. pp. 243-253.〕 Outwelling is affected by a number of different factors. For one, the amount of outwelling is dependent upon the primary production of an estuary, thus, highly productive salt marshes result in increased outwelling. It is also dependent on tidal amplitude and geomorphology of the estuary. Outwelling is not a steady process, and is affected by large rainfalls or inundation events (the larger the inundation, the greater the outwelling).〔Odum, E.P. 2002. Tidal marshes as outwelling/pulsing systems. in Concepts and controversies in tidal marsh ecology. Weinstein, M.P, and D.A. Kreeger, eds. Kluwer Academic Publishers, New York, NY. USA〕 Outwelling does not occur in every estuary. It is more evident and occurs more in estuaries bordering extensive coastal marshes. For example, a study done in a New England salt marsh found no evidence of outwelling, and in fact found that the salt marshes import carbon;〔Nixon, S.W. 1980. Between coastal marshes and coastal water—a review of twenty years of speculation and research in the role of salt marshes in estuarine productivity and water chemistry. pp. 437-525 in P. Hamilton and K.B. MacDonald, eds. Wetland processes with emphasis on modeling. Plenum Press, New York, NY. USA.〕 however, another study done in Louisiana near the extensive salt marshes where tidal amplitude is larger found that outwelling contributed a significant amount of organic carbon to the nearby waters. Outwelling occurs as pulses that correlate to inundation and precipitation events, productivity and tidal fluctuations. In some cases, it is macrofauna and algae that are pulsed out of the salt marsh into the water column rather than nutrients, but this has a similar effect of attracting small fish and nourishing the marine environment. == Ramifications == Because of this hypothesis, many states have passed laws protecting estuaries based on the rationale that protecting estuaries will protect the food source of local fish populations. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Outwelling」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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