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P22phox
p22phox Protein, also known as the human neutrophil cytochrome b light chain (CYBA), is an essential component of the membrane-associated enzyme phagocyte NADPH-oxidase〔Dinauer MC, Pierce EA, Bruns GA, Curnutte JT, Orkin SH. "Human neutrophil cytochrome b light chain (p22-phox). Gene structure, chromosomal location, and mutations in cytochrome-negative autosomal recessive chronic granulomatous disease." ''J Clin Invest.'' November 1990; 86(5): 1729-37.〕 This enzyme uses NADH or NADPH as the electron donor for the one electron reduction of oxygen to produce superoxide anion, a reactive oxygen species (ROS),〔Xu Q, Yuan F, Wu J. "Polymorphisms of C242T and A640G in CYBA Gene and the risk of coronary artery disease: A meta-analysis." ''PLoS One''. 2014; 9(1): e84251〕 and a functionally important step for the antimicrobial activity of phagocytic cells.〔Ushio-Fukai M, Zafari A, Fukui T, Ishizaka N, Griendling K. "p22phox is a critical component of the superoxide-generating NADH/NADPH oxidase system and regulates angiotensin II induced hypertrophy in vascular smooth muscle cells." ''J Bio Chem.'' September 20, 1996; 271: 23317-21.〕 p22phox is also expressed in many other human cells such as endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells, including those within the coronary arteries.〔Azumi H et al. "Expression of NADH/NADPH oxidase p22phox in human coronary arteries." ''Circulation''. October 5, 1999; 100(14): 1494-8.〕 Specific polymorphisms of the CYBA gene have been identified that are associated with a decreased risk of coronary artery disease (CAD).〔
== Protein structure and gene function ==
Cytochrome b is a heterodimer of two glycoproteins, gp91phox (also known as the heavy or β chain) and p22phox (the light or α chain). The heavy and light chains are closely associated in phagocytic cells, but while the expression of gp91phox is restricted to these cells, p22phox has been detected in many other cell types〔 and is able to function as a component of NAD(P)H oxidases.〔 The alpha chain CYBA gene is located on chromosome 16q24 and consists of 6 exons and 5 introns, with a total length of 8.5kb.〔
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