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''Pe̍h-ōe-jī'' (pronounced , abbreviated POJ, literally ''vernacular writing'', also known as Church Romanization) is an orthography used to write variants of Southern Min Chinese, particularly Taiwanese Southern Min and Amoy Hokkien. Developed by Western missionaries working among the Chinese diaspora in Southeast Asia in the 19th century and refined by missionaries working in Xiamen and Tainan, it uses a modified Latin alphabet and some diacritics to represent the spoken language. After initial success in Fujian, POJ became most widespread in Taiwan and, in the mid-20th century, there were over 100,000 people literate in POJ. A large amount of printed material, religious and secular, has been produced in the script, including Taiwan's first newspaper, the ''Taiwan Church News''. In Taiwan under Japanese rule (1895–1945) its use was suppressed and Pe̍h-ōe-jī faced further countermeasures during the Kuomintang martial law period (1947–1987). In Fujian, use declined after the establishment of the People's Republic of China (1949) and in the early 21st century the system was not in general use there. Taiwanese Christians, non-native learners of Southern Min, and native-speaker enthusiasts in Taiwan are among those that continue to use ''Pe̍h-ōe-jī''. Full native computer support was developed in 2004, and users can now call on fonts, input methods, and extensive online dictionaries. Rival writing systems have evolved, and there is ongoing debate within the Taiwanese mother tongue movement as to which system should be used. Versions of ''pe̍h-ōe-jī'' have been devised for other Chinese varieties, including Hakka and Teochew Southern Min. ==Name== The name ''pe̍h-ōe-jī'' () means "vernacular writing", that is, written characters representing everyday spoken language. Though the name ''vernacular writing'' could be applied to many kinds of writing, romanized and character-based, the term ''pe̍h-ōe-jī'' is commonly restricted to the Southern Min romanization system developed by Presbyterian missionaries in the 19th century. The missionaries who invented and refined the system didn't use the name ''pe̍h-ōe-jī'', however, instead using various terms such as "Romanized Amoy Vernacular" and "Romanized Amoy Colloquial". The origins of the system and its extensive use in the Christian community has led to it being known by some modern-day writers as "Church Romanization" (; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Kàu-hōe Lô-má-jī); often abbreviated in POJ itself to "Kàu-lô" (). There is some debate as to whether "pe̍h-ōe-jī" or "Church Romanization" is the more appropriate name. Objections raised to "pe̍h-ōe-jī" include that the surface meaning of the word itself is more generic than one specific system, and that both literary and colloquial register Southern Min appear in the system (meaning that describing it as "vernacular" writing might be inaccurate). Opposition to the name "Church Romanization" is based on the identification with the church, as the writing is used by a wider community than just Christians, and for secular as well as sacred writing. One commentator observes that POJ "today is largely disassociated from its former religious purposes". The term "romanization" is also disliked by some, who see it as belittling the status of ''pe̍h-ōe-jī'' by identifying it as a supplementary phonetic system, rather than a fully-fledged orthography. Sources disagree on which represents the more commonly used name of the two. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Pe̍h-ōe-jī」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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