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Public participation geographic information systems (PPGIS) was born, as a term, in 1996 at the meetings of the National Center for Geographic Information and Analysis (NCGIA).〔Sieber, R. 2006. Public Participation and Geographic Information Systems: A Literature Review and Framework. ''Annals of the American Association of Geographers'', 96/3:491-507〕〔(Public Participation GIS, NCGIA Workshop (Orono, Maine, US, 10–13 July 1996) )〕 PPGIS is meant to bring the academic practices of GIS and mapping to the local level in order to promote knowledge production. The idea behind PPGIS is empowerment and inclusion of marginalized populations, who have little voice in the public arena, through geographic technology education and participation. PPGIS uses and produces digital maps, satellite imagery, sketch maps, and many other spatial and visual tools, to change geographic involvement and awareness on a local level. ==Applications== Attendees to the ''Mapping for Change International Conference on Participatory Spatial Information Management and Communication'' conferred to at least three potential implications of PPGIS; it can: (1) enhance capacity in generating, managing, and communicating spatial information; (2) stimulate innovation; and ultimately; (3) encourage positive social change.〔Corbett, et al. 2006. (Overview: Mapping for Change-the emergence of a new practice ). ''Participatory Learning and Action'', 54:13–19.〕 This reflects on the rather nebulous definition of PPGIS as referenced in the ''Encyclopedia of GIS''〔Tulloch, D., 2008. “Public Participation GIS (PPGIS),” in K. Kemp (Eds.) ''Encyclopedia of GIS'': Sage Publications, p. 351-353.〕 which describes PPGIS as having a definition problem. There are a range of applications for PPGIS. The potential outcomes can be applied from community and neighborhood planning and development to environmental and natural resource management. Marginalized groups, be they grassroots organizations to indigenous populations could benefit from GIS technology. Governments, non-government organizations and non-profit groups are a big force behind many programs. The current extent of PPGIS programs in the US has been evaluated by Sawicki and Peterman.〔Craig, et al. 2002. ''Community Participation and Geographic Information Systems''. London: Taylor and Francis〕 They catalog over 60 PPGIS programs who aid in “public participation in community decision making by providing local-area data to community groups,” in the United States (Craig et al., 2002:24). The organizations providing these programs are mostly universities, local chambers of commerce, non-profit foundations. In general, neighborhood empowerment groups can form and gain access to information that is normally very easy for the official government and planning offices to obtain. It is easier for this to happen than for individuals of lower-income neighborhoods just working by themselves. There have been several projects where university students help implement GIS in neighborhoods and communities. It is believed that access to information is the doorway to more effective government for everybody and community empowerment. In a case study of a group in Milwaukee, residents of an inner city neighborhood became active participants in building a community information system, learning to access public information and create and analyze new databases derived from their own surveys, all with the purpose of making these residents useful actors in city management and in the formation of public policy.〔Ghose 2001〕 In many cases, there are providers of data for community groups, but the groups may not know that such entities exist. Getting the word out would be beneficial. Some of the spatial data that the neighborhood wanted was information on abandoned or boarded-up buildings and homes, vacant lots, and properties that contained garbage, rubbish and debris that contributed to health and safety issues in the area. They also appreciated being able to find landlords that were not keeping up the properties. The university team and the community were able to build databases and make maps that would help them find these areas and perform the spatial analysis that they needed. Community members learned how to use the computer resources, ArcView 1.0, and build a theme or land use map of the surrounding area. They were able to perform spatial queries and analyze neighborhood problems. Some of these problems included finding absentee landlords and finding code violations for the buildings on the maps (Ghose 2001). 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Public participation geographic information system」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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