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PT-91 Twardy
The PT-91 ''Twardy'' ("hard","tough" or "resilient") is a Polish main battle tank. It is a development of the T-72M1 and first entered service in 1995. The PT-91 was designed at the (OBRUM ) (''OBRUM'' for ''Ośrodek Badawczo-Rozwojowy Urządzeń Mechanicznych'' – Polish for ''Research and Development Centre for Mechanical Appliances'') and is produced by the (Bumar Łabędy ) company – part of Polish military consortium – (Bumar Group ). Changes from the T-72 include a new dual-axis stabilized fire-control system, reactive armour, a more powerful engine, transmission and new automatic loader. Unlike many other T-72 upgrades the Polish Army PT-91s are upgraded using elements created almost exclusively by domestic companies (this includes new engine, fire control system and all communication system elements). Many of those elements were used to upgrade existing fleets of T-72 tanks in countries like in Czech Republic – T-72M4Cz, Georgia – T-72SIM-1 or India – T-72 Ajeya Mk2.
==History==
In the late 1980s the Polish Army modernized all of its obsolete T-55 tanks to the T-55AM ''Mérida'' standard. The successful conversion convinced the General Staff that similar modernization could also be applied to other Soviet-designed tanks made in Poland and used by the Polish Armed Forces. In late 1988 it was decided to prepare a project of modernization for the T-72M1 design – using the experience from production of licensed T-72M (obiekt 172M-E3 – Polish army designation T-72), T-72M1 (obiekt 172M-E5), T-72M1K (Polish army designation T-72M1D).
The Gliwice-based ''Research and Development Centre of Mechanical Systems'' OBRUM ((ポーランド語:Ośrodek Badawczo-Rozwojowy Urządzeń Mechanicznych)) was chosen as the main design bureau. However, initially the work progressed at a very slow pace, mainly because the Polish General Staff was also considering the purchase of a newer version of T-72 (T-72S) or the modern T-80.
After the political changes of 1989 and the dissolution of the Soviet bloc, Polish-Soviet talks on purchase of modern tanks came to a halt and the design of a new Polish tank gained momentum. The first design proposed by the bureau was code-named ''Wilk'' (Polish for ''wolf''), but the project was cancelled. Instead, the priority was shifted to a different project named ''Twardy''. The basic aim of the conversion of T-72 was to adapt it to the reality of modern warfare and fix its most visible deficiencies. Among those were low mobility, insufficient armour, lack of a fire control system and poor stabilisation of the main gun, which resulted in poor firing accuracy. An additional problem was lack of passive night vision aiming systems.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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