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Paan ( पान from Sanskrit ''parṇa'', "leaf"〔(Oxford Dictionary ''paan'' )〕) is a preparation combining betel leaf with areca nut and sometimes also with tobacco.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans, Vol. 37, Tobacco Habits Other than Smoking; Betel-Quid and Areca-nut Chewing; and Some Related Nitrosamines, Lyon )〕 It is chewed for its stimulant and psychoactive effects. After chewing it is either spat out or swallowed. Paan has many variations. Slaked lime (chunnam) paste is commonly added to bind the leaves. Some South Asian preparations include katha paste or mukhwas to freshen the breath. The origin and diffusion of paan (betel chewing) remains a somewhat unresolved issue since there is little unequivocal evidence to support the very early dates often quoted, though botanical evidence strongly suggests that the areca palm was not native to South Asia. Paan (under a variety of names) is also consumed in many other Asian countries and elsewhere in the world by some Asian emigrants, with or without tobacco. It is an addictive and euphoria-inducing formulation with adverse health effects.〔(【引用サイトリンク】author=IARC Working Group )〕 The spit from chewing betel nuts, known as buai pekpek, is often considered an eyesore. Because of this, many places have banned selling and chewing buai. ==Effects on health== The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and the World Health Organization (WHO) accept the scientific evidence that chewing betel quids and areca nut is carcinogenic to humans.〔 The main carcinogenic factor is believed to be areca nut. A recent study found that areca-nut paan with and without tobacco increased oral cancer risk by 9.9 and 8.4 times, respectively. In one study (c. 1985),〔 scientists linked malignant tumours to the site of skin or subcutaneous administration of aqueous extracts of ''paan'' in mice. In hamsters, forestomach carcinomas occurred after painting the cheek-pouch mucosa with aqueous extracts or implantation of a wax pellet containing powdered ''paan'' with tobacco into the cheek pouch; carcinomas occurred in the cheek pouch following implantation of the wax pellets. In human populations, they reported observing elevated frequencies of micronucleated cells in buccal mucosa of people who chew betel quid in the Philippines and India. The scientists also found that the proportion of micronucleated exfoliated cells is related to the site within the oral cavity where the ''paan'' is kept habitually and to the number of betel quids chewed per day. In related studies,〔 the scientists reported that oral leukoplakia shows a strong association with habits of ''paan'' chewing in India. Some follow-up studies have shown malignant transformation of a proportion of leukoplakias. Oral submucous fibrosis and lichen planus, which are generally accepted to be precancerous conditions, appear to be related to the habit of chewing ''paan''. In a study conducted in Taiwan, scientists reported the extent of cancer risks of betel quid (''paan'') chewing beyond oral cancer, even when tobacco was absent. In addition to oral cancer, significant increases were seen among chewers for cancer of the oesophagus, liver, pancreas, larynx, lung, and all cancer. Chewing and smoking, as combined by most betel chewers, interacted synergistically and was responsible for half of all cancer deaths in this group. Chewing betel leaf quid and smoking, the scientists claimed, shortened the life span by nearly six years. A Lancet Oncology publication claims that ''paan masala'' may cause tumours in different parts of the body and not just the oral cavity as previously thought. In a study conducted in Sri Lanka, scientists found high prevalence of oral potentially malignant disorders in rural Sri Lankan populations. After screening for various causes, the scientists reported ''paan'' chewing to be the major risk factor, with or without tobacco. In October 2009, 30 scientists from 10 countries met at the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), a World Health Organization sponsored group, to reassess the carcinogenicity of various agents including areca nut, a common additive in ''paan''. They reported there is sufficient evidence that ''paan'' chewing, even without tobacco, leads to tumours in the oral cavity and oesophagus, and that ''paan'' with added tobacco is a carcinogen to the oral cavity, pharynx and oesophagus. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Paan」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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