|
Paczków ((ドイツ語:Patschkau)) is a town in Nysa County, Opole Voivodeship, Poland, with 8,226 inhabitants (2004). It is one of the few towns in Europe in which medieval fortifications have been almost completely preserved.〔(Gazeta Wyborcza. Piotr Walczak, Odwiedz polskie Carcassonne (Visit Polish Carcassone) ) retrieved on April 21, 2009〕 Located in the southeastern outskirts of the historical province of Lower Silesia, along the medieval road from Lesser Poland to Klodzko Valley and Prague, Paczków is called "Polish Carcassonne", thanks to its well-preserved medieval fortifications.〔(Panorama of Polish cities. Silesian Carcassone )〕〔(Poland’s Official Travel Website, Paczkow - Polish Carcassone )〕 However, while the famous French Carcassonne is a 19th-century reconstruction, all historic buildings of Paczków are authentic.〔(Castles.info, Silesia and Opolskie )〕 The old town and its medieval fortifications are listed as one of Poland's official national Historic Monuments (''Pomnik historii''), as designated November 13, 2012. Its listing is maintained by the National Heritage Board of Poland. == History == Paczków (its name comes from the old Slavic first name Pakoslaw) was officially founded on March 8, 1254,〔(Panorama of Polish cities. Silesian Carcassone )"The intricate history of the town dates back to the 13th century; in 1254 Paczków was granted town status"〕 when the Bishop of Wrocław, Tomasz I gave permission for the location of a new town. It was placed near the ancient village of Paczków, and henceforth, the name of the village was changed to Old Paczków. Paczków quickly grew, becoming not only a market town, but also a stronghold, guarding southwestern borders of the mighty ecclesiastical Duchy of Nysa.〔(History of Paczkow at portal paczkow info )〕 It was granted the so-called Flemish rights, based on Magdeburg rights. The new town received several privileges, such as the right to brew beer, and its early inhabitants were mostly craftsmen, such as bakers, butchers and shoemakers. In the late Middle Ages and subsequent periods, Paczków shared the stormy fate of other towns of Silesia, with frequent disasters, such as hunger (1325), floods (1333, 1501, 1539, 1560, 1598, 1602), fires (1565, 1634), as well as epidemics - Black Death (1349), and cholera (1603–1607, 1633). Paczków also suffered during the Hussite Wars, when it was captured by the Hussites on March 17, 1428.〔 The period of religious wars did not end until the late 15th century, and only then did Paczków begin to flourish again. With the financial support of the bishops of Nysa, new fortifications were constructed, with a wall and towers. In 1526 Paczków, together with the whole of Silesia, passed to the Austrian Habsburg dynasty (see also Silesian Piasts). The 16th century was the best period in the history of the town. It was a major centre of trade, with several manufacturers of textiles. The end of prosperity came during the Thirty Years' War, when warring armies destroyed Paczków and adjacent areas.〔 In 1742, after the Silesian Wars, Paczkow was annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia (see also Austrian Silesia), and it subsequently became part of the German Empire. The town, known then as Patschkau, remained within the borders of Germany until 1945, when, following the Potsdam Agreement, it was placed under Polish administration, and renamed to its Polish name. Its German population was largely evacuated or expelled and replaced with Poles, most of whom came from current Western Ukraine (see: Kresy), mostly from areas of Lviv, Ternopil, and Volhynia.〔(Official webpage of town and commune of Paczkow )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Paczków」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|