|
A paiza or paizi or gerege (, (モンゴル語:Пайз), (ペルシア語:پایزه) ''pāiza'', (中国語:牌子) ''páizi'') was a tablet carried by Mongol officials and envoys to signify certain privileges and authority. They enabled Mongol nobles and officials to demand goods and services from civilian populations. Although only someone with a paiza was required to be supplied with mounts and served specified rations, those carrying military rarities used the yam even without a paiza. The officials and nobles of the Mongol Empire issued paizas unofficially and abused civilians. Therefore, Ögedei Khan (r. 1229–1241) prohibited the nobility from issuing paizas and jarliqs. To attract foreign or overseas merchants and talents, the Great Khans gave them paiza exempting them from taxes and allowing them to use relay stations.〔Ata ''Malik Juvaini, trans. and ed. John Andrew Boyle, David Morgan-Genghis Khan: the history of the world conqueror'', p.29〕 However, Möngke Khan (r. 1251–1259) limited notorious abuses and sent imperial investigators to supervise the business of the merchants who were sponsored by the Mongols. He prohibited them from using the imperial relay stations or yam (zam) and paizas. Marco Polo, who visited the Yuan Dynasty during the reign of Kublai Khan (r. 1260–1294), left a good description of the paiza.〔Laurence Bergreen ''Marco Polo: from Venice to Xanadu'', p.341〕 The Ilkhan Ghazan (r. 1295–1304) reformed the issuance of jarliqs, creating set forms and graded seals, ordering that all jarliqs be kept on file at court and canceling jarliqs older than 30 years and old paizas.〔George Lane ''Genghis Khan and Mongol rule'', p.34〕 He fashioned new paizas into two ranks, ordered that they bear the names of the bearers on them to prevent them from being transferred and required them to be relinquished at the end of the official's term. File:Paiza Golden Horde.jpg|A Gerege in Mongolian script, found in the former territory of the Mongol Golden Horde (Dnieper River, 1845) File:Phagspa vinokurov tablet.jpg|Official pass with Mongolian inscription in 'Phags-pa script reading "By the power of eternal heaven, (is ) an order of the Emperor. Whoever does not show respect (the bearer ) will be guilty of an offence." File:Paizi.jpg|A nightwatchman's pass of the Mongol empire, with inscriptions in Persian (left), Mongolian in 'Phags-pa script (centre), and Uyghur (right). The Mongolian inscription reads "Announcement: Beware of evil-doers". ==References== 〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Paiza」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|