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K'inich Janaab' Pakal
::''For other persons with this name, see Pakal (disambiguation).''
K'inich Janaab Pakal I〔The ruler's name, when transcribed is K'INICH-JANA:B-PAKAL-la, translated "Radiant ? Shield", Martin & Grube 2008, p. 162.〕 (, also known as Pacal, Pacal the Great, 8 Ahau and Sun Shield, (March, 603 - August, 683)〔9.8.9.13.0 and 9.12.11.5.18 (Tiesler & Cucina 2004, p. 40)〕 was ''ajaw'' of the Maya city-state of Palenque in the Late Classic period of pre-Columbian Mesoamerican chronology. He acceded to the throne in Jul, 615 and ruled until his death. During a long reign of 68 years, longest known regnal period in Western Hemisphere history, and the 30th longest worldwide, Pakal was responsible for the construction or extension of some of Palenque's most notable surviving inscriptions and monumental architecture.〔These are the dates indicated on the Maya inscriptions in Mesoamerican Long Count calendar, Born: 9.8.9.13.0 8 Ahaw 13 Pop, Acceded: 9.9.2.4.5 8 Lamat1 Mol and Died: 9.12.11.5.18 6 Etz'nab 11 Yax, Martin & Grube 2008, p. 162.〕〔Skidmore 2010, p. 71.〕〔Martin & Grube 2008, pp. 162-168.〕
==Name==
Before his name was securely deciphered from extant Maya inscriptions, this ruler had been known by an assortment of nicknames and approximations, including Pakal or Pacal, Sun Shield, 8 Ahau, and (familiarly) as Pacal the Great. The word ''pakal'' means "shield" in the Classic Maya language.〔Skidmore 2010, pp. 71-73.〕
In modern sources his name is also sometimes appended with a regnal number,〔Maya rulership titles and name glyphs themselves do not use regnal numbers, they are a convenience only of modern scholars.〕 to distinguish him from other rulers with this name, that either preceded or followed him in the dynastic lineage of Palenque. Confusingly, he has at times been referred to as ''either'' "Pakal I" or "Pakal II". Reference to him as Pakal II alludes to his maternal grandfather (who died c.612) also being named Janahb Pakal. However, although his grandfather was a personage of ''ajaw'' ranking, he does not himself appear to have been a king. When instead the name Pakal I is used, this serves to distinguish him from two later known successors to the Palenque rulership, K'inich Janaab Pakal II (ruled c. 742) and Janaab Pakal III, the last-known Palenque ruler (ruled c.799).〔Skidmore 2010, pp. 56-57, pp. 71-73, p. 83, p. 91.〕
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