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Pākehā is a Māori language term for New Zealanders who are "of European descent". Recently, the word has been used to refer inclusively either to fair-skinned persons or any non-Māori New Zealander.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/pakeha )〕 Papa'a has a similar meaning in Cook Islands Māori.〔(Language of the Islands: A Papa'a's Guide ), www.cookislands.org.uk. Retrieved 18 November 2010.〕 Its etymology is unclear, but the term was in use by the late 18th century, and in December 1814, the Māori children at Rangihoua in the Bay Of Islands were "no less eager to see the ''packaha'' than the grown folks". In the Māori language, plural nouns of Pākehā may include ''Ngā Pākehā'' (definite article) and ''He Pākehā'' (indefinite article). When the word was first adopted, the usual plural in English was ''Pakehas''. However New Zealand English speakers are increasingly removing the terminal s and treating Pākehā as a collective noun. Opinions of the term vary amongst New Zealanders. Some find it highly offensive, others are indifferent, some find it inaccurate and archaic, while some happily use the term and find the main alternatives such as "New Zealand European" inappropriate.〔 In 2013, the New Zealand Attitudes and Values Study carried out by The University of Auckland found no evidence that the word was derogatory, although only 14% of the overall respondents chose the term Pākehā with the remainder preferring New Zealander, New Zealand European or simply Kiwi. ==Meaning== Māori in the Bay of Islands and surrounding districts had no doubts about the meaning of the word ''pākehā'' in the 19th century. In 1831, thirteen rangatira from the far north of the country met at Kerikeri to compose a letter to King William IV, seeking protection from the French, "the tribe of Marion". Written in Māori, the letter used the word ''pākehā'' to mean "British European", and the words ''tau iwi'' to mean "strangers (non-British)" — as shown in the translation that year of the letter from Māori to English by the missionary William Yate.〔Binney, Judith (2007). ''Te Kerikeri 1770–1850, The Meeting Pool'', Bridget Williams Books (Wellington) in association with Craig Potton Publishing (Nelson). ISBN 978-1-877242-38-0 . Chapter 13, "The Māori Leaders' Assembly, Kororipo Pā, 1831", by Manuka Henare, pp 114–116.〕 Māori also used other terms such as ''tupua'' ("supernatural", "object of fear, strange being"), ''kehua'' ("ghosts"), and ''maitai'' ("metal" or referring to persons "foreign") to refer to some of the earliest visitors. However, ''The Concise Māori Dictionary'' (Kāretu, 1990) defines the word ''pākehā'' as "foreign, foreigner (usually applied to white person)", while the ''English–Māori, Māori–English Dictionary'' (Biggs, 1990) defines ''Pākehā'' as "white (person)". Sometimes the term applies more widely to include all non-Māori.〔Orsman, Elizabeth and Harry (1994). ''The New Zealand Dictionary'', Educational Edition. New House Publishers, Auckland. ISBN 1-86946-949-6. Page 193, second meaning.〕 No Māori dictionary cites ''pākehā'' as derogatory. Some early European settlers who lived among Māori became known as Pākehā Māori. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Pākehā」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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