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|region4 = |pop4 = 138,554 (2010) |ref4 = |region5 = |pop5 = 110,000 (1993) |ref5 = |region6 = |pop6 = 100,000 (2009) |ref6 = |region7 = |pop7 = 37,800 (2012) |ref7 = |pop8 = 26,000 (2006) |region8 = |ref8 = |region9 = |pop9 = 13,000 (2009) |ref9 = |region10 = |pop10 = 9,800 (2002) |ref10 = |region11 = |pop11 = 8,154 (2006) |ref11 = |region12 = |pop12 = 5,500 (2008) |ref12 = |region13 = |pop13 = 4,000 (1970) |ref13 = |langs = Pashto |rels = Islam (Sunni) }} The Pashtuns or ((パシュトー語:پښتانه) ''Pax̌tānə''; sing. masculine: ''Pax̌tūn'', feminine: ''Pax̌tana''; also Pakhtuns), historically known by the exonyms Afghans ((ペルシア語:افغان), ''Afğān'')〔〔〔(【引用サイトリンク】title= Afghanistan: Glossary )〕 and Pathans (tr. from Hindustani, ''Paṭhān''), are an ethnic group with populations in Afghanistan and Pakistan.〔 They are generally classified as Eastern Iranian who use Pashto language and follow Pashtunwali, which is a traditional set of ethics guiding individual and communal conduct. The origin of Pashtuns is unclear but historians have come across references to various ancient peoples called ''Pakthas'' (''Pactyans'') between the 2nd and the 1st millennium BC,〔〔 who may be their early ancestors. Often characterised as a warrior and martial race, their history is mostly spread amongst various countries of South and Central Asia, centred on their traditional seat of power in medieval Afghanistan. During the Delhi Sultanate era, the Pashtun Lodi dynasty replaced the Turkic rulers in North India. Some ruled from the Bengal Sultanate. Other Pashtuns fought the Safavids and Mughals before obtaining an independent state in the early-18th century, which began with a successful revolution by Mirwais Hotak followed by conquests of Ahmad Shah Durrani. The Barakzai dynasty played a vital role during the Great Game from the 19th century to the 20th century as they were caught between the imperialist designs of the British and Russian empires. Pashtuns are the largest ethnic group in Afghanistan and ruled as the dominant ethno-linguistic group for over 300 years. Many members have left their native land to other parts of the world where they achieved international fame. Abdul Ahad Mohmand journeyed into outer space in 1988, spending nine days aboard Mir space station, the first Afghan and 4th Muslim to do so. Zalmay Khalilzad became the first Muslim and first Afghan to become Ambassador of the United States. Others rose to high-ranking officials at the World Bank, the United Nations and other international organizations. Malala Yousafzai became the youngest ever Nobel Peace Prize recipient in 2014. They are also an important community in Pakistan, which has the largest Pashtun population, and constitute the second-largest ethnic group, having attained presidency there and high rankings in sports. They are the world's largest (patriarchal) segmentary lineage ethnic group. According to Ethnologue, the total population of the group is estimated to be around 50 million but an accurate count remains elusive due to the lack of an official census in Afghanistan since 1979. Estimates of the number of Pashtun tribes and clans range from about 350 to over 400.〔 ==Geographic distribution== The vast majority of Pashtuns are found in the traditional Pashtun homeland, located in an area south of the Amu Darya in Afghanistan and west of the Indus River in Pakistan, which includes Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) and part of Balochistan. Additional Pashtun communities are located in western and northern Afghanistan, the Gilgit–Baltistan and Kashmir regions and northwestern Punjab province of Pakistan. There are also sizeable Muslim communities in India, which are of largely Pashtun ancestry.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Study of the Pathan Communities in Four States of India )〕 Throughout the Indian subcontinent, they are often referred to as ''Pathans''. Smaller Pashtun communities are found in the countries of the Middle East, such as in the Khorasan Province of Iran, the Arabian Peninsula, Europe, and the Americas, particularly in North America. Important metropolitan centres of Pashtun culture include Peshawar, Quetta, Kandahar, Jalalabad, Kunduz, Karachi and Lashkar Gah. There are a number of smaller Pashtun-dominated towns such as Swat, Khost, Mardan, Takht Bhai, Asadabad, Gardēz, Farah, Pul-i-Alam, Mingora, Bannu, Parachinar, Swabi, Maidan Shar, Tarin Kowt and others. The cities of Kabul and Ghazni in Afghanistan are home to around 25% Pashtun population while Herat and Mazar-i-Sharif each has at least 10%. With as high as 7 million by some estimates, the city of Karachi in Sindh, Pakistan has the largest concentration of urban Pashtuns in the world. In addition, Rawalpindi, Islamabad, and Lahore also have sizeable Pashtun populations. About 15% of Pakistan's nearly 200 million population is Pashtun. In Afghanistan, they are the largest ethnic group and make up between 42-60% of the 32.5 million population.〔See: * * * * * * * 〕 The exact figure remains uncertain in Afghanistan, which is also affected by the 1.5 million or more Afghan refugees that remain in Pakistan, a majority of which are Pashtuns. Another one million or more Afghans live in Iran. A cumulative population assessment suggests a total of around 49 million individuals all across the world.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Pashtuns」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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