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Palingenesis (; or palingenesia) is a concept of rebirth or re-creation, used in various contexts in philosophy, theology, politics, and biology. Its meaning stems from Greek ''palin'', meaning ''again'', and ''genesis'', meaning ''birth''. It is a central component of Roger Griffin's analysis of Fascism as a fundamentally modernist ideology.〔R. Griffin, Modernism and Fascism (Basingstoke, 2007).〕 In biology, it is another word for recapitulation—the phase in the development of an organism in which its form and structure pass through the changes undergone in the evolution of the species. In theology, the word can be used to refer to reincarnation and Christian spiritual rebirth symbolized by baptism. ==Philosophy and theology== The word ''palingenesis'' or rather ''palingenesia'' () may be traced back to the Stoics,〔''Stoicorum Veterum Fragmenta'', (2.627 )〕〔The concept is attributed to Chrysippus by Lactantius — see Harry Austryn Wolfson (1961), "Immortality and Resurrection in the Philosophy of the Church Fathers", in: Everett Ferguson (ed.), ''Doctrines of Human Nature, Sin, and Salvation in the Early Church'', Taylor & Francis, 1993, p. 329.〕〔Michael Lapidge, 'Stoic Cosmology,' in: John M. Rist, ''The Stoics,'' Cambridge University Press, 1978, pp. 182–183.〕〔J. Albert Harrill, ("Stoic Physics, the Universal Conflagration, and the Eschatological Destruction of the “Ignorant and Unstable” in 2 Peter" ), in: Tuomas Rasimus, Troels Engberg-Pedersen, Ismo Dunderberg (eds.), (''Stoicism in Early Christianity'' ), Baker Academic, 2010, p. 121.〕 who used the term for the continual re-creation of the universe by the Demiurgus (Creator) after its absorption into himself. Similarly Philo spoke of Noah and his sons as leaders of a renovation or rebirth of the earth, Plutarch of the transmigration of souls, and Cicero of his own return from exile. In the Gospel of Matthew Jesus is quoted in Greek (although his historical utterance would most likely have been in Aramaic) using the word "παλιγγενεσία" (''palingenesia'') to describe the Last Judgment foreshadowing the event of the regeneration of a new world. Palingenesia is thus as much the result of, or reason for, the Last Judgement as it is directly the Judgement itself. In philosophy it denotes in its broadest sense the theory (e.g. of the Pythagoreans) that the human soul does not die with the body but is born again in new incarnations. It is thus the equivalent of metempsychosis. The term has a narrower and more specific use in the system of Schopenhauer, who applied it to his doctrine that the will does not die but manifests itself afresh in new individuals. He thus repudiates the primitive metempsychosis doctrine which maintains the reincarnation of the particular soul. Robert Burton, in ''The Anatomy of Melancholy'' (1628), writes, "The Pythagoreans defend metempsychosis and palingenesia, that souls go from one body to another." The 17th century English physician-philosopher Sir Thomas Browne in his ''Religio Medici'' (1643) declared a belief in palingenesis, stating, ''A plant or vegetable consumed to ashes, to a contemplative and school Philosopher seems utterly destroyed, and the form to have taken his leave for ever: But to a sensible Artist the forms are not perished, but withdrawn into their incombustible part, where they lie secure from the action of that devouring element. This is made good by experience, which can from the ashes of a plant revive the plant, and from its cinders recall it into its stalk and leaves again.''〔Sir Thomas Browne, ''The Major Works'', ed. C. A. Patrides, Penguin, 1977, R.M.1:48.〕 Palingenesis is the subject of the Argentine author Jorge Luis Borges's last ever short story, ''The Rose of Paracelsus'' (1983) 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Palingenesis」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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