|
Pam-Crash is a software package from ESI Group used for crash simulation and the design of occupant safety systems, primarily in the automotive industry. The software enables automotive engineers to simulate the performance of a proposed vehicle design and evaluate the potential for injury to occupants in multiple crash scenarios. ==History== The software originated in research aimed at simulating aerospace and nuclear applications. At a meeting organized by VDI (Verein Deutscher Ingenieure) in Stuttgart on May 30, 1978, ESI Group simulated the accidental crash of a military fighter plane into a nuclear power plant 〔E. Haug. (1981) "Engineering safety analysis via destructive numerical experiments", EUROMECH 121, Polish Academy of Sciences, ''Engineering Transactions'' 29(1), 39–49.〕 German automobile manufacturers took note and tested the applicability of several emerging commercial crash simulation codes, including what would soon become Pam-Crash. This software's predecessor code simulated the frontal impact of a full passenger car structure in an overnight computer run. This was the first successful full-car crash simulation.〔E. Haug, T. Scharnhorst, P. Du Bois (1986) "FEM-Crash, Berechnung eines Fahrzeugfrontalaufpralls", ''VDI Berichte'' 613, 479–505.〕 Based on Finite element method (FEM), the software enables the modeling of complex geometry by offering different structural and continuum elements: beams, shells, membranes and solids. In a typical crash simulation, shells are used to model thin-walled metal,plastic and composite components. Beams and bars may also be used for stiffening frames, suspensions and special connections. The program offers a large range of linear and nonlinear materials including elastic and visco-plastic and including foam materials and multi-layers composites up to damage and failure models.〔Eric Mestreau, Rainald Lohner. “Airbag Simulation Using Fluid/Structure Coupling.” 34th Aerospace Sciences Meeting & Exhibit, Reno, NV, January 15–18, 1996.〕 It was used in the first numerical simulation of a full vehicle rollover by BMW AG (Bayerische Motoren Werke AG). The program provided accurate determination of the structural deformations while the computationally economical rigid body simulation was used during the relatively unimportant deformation and free-flight phases of the simulation.〔A.K. Pickett, H.G. Hoeck, A. Poth and W. Sehrepfer, “Crashworthiness analysis of a full automotive rollover test using a mixed rigid body and explicit finite element approach.” ''VDI Berichte'' 816, p 167-179.〕 PAM-CRASH is used on High Performance Computers including massively parallel systems. One of the most time-critical aspects of parallel simulation is the contact handling. Results with a 128-processor computer demonstrated that a contact search algorithm leads to a better scalability.〔Jan Clinckemaillie, Hans-Georg Galbas, Otto Kolp, Clemens August Thole and Stefanos Vlachoutsis. “(High Scalability of Parallel PAM-CRASH with a New Contact Search Algorithm ).” ''Lecture Notes in Computer Science''. 2010 Volume 1823.〕 Engineers utilize crash simulation not only to determine the end result of the crash but also to view the step by step time history. Observing factors such as how the bumper is folded in the impact and what is the effect of rib thickness on body deformation in the initial stages of the simulation gives insights that improve crashworthiness of the design.〔L. Durrenberger, D. Even, A. Molinari1 and A. Rusinek. “Influence of the strain path on crash properties of a crash-box structure by experimental and numerical approaches.” ''J. Phys''. IV France 134 (2006) 1287-1293.〕 ''Desktop Engineering'' magazine, in its review of ESI Group’s Virtual Performance Solution, which includes this software, said: “You work across multiple analysis domains with a single core model—not different models for every load case. This streamlines your workflow, saving time and money by reducing the number of individual solvers you have to deploy and all that model re-creation business.”〔Anthony J. Lockwood, “Editor's Pick: ESI Releases Virtual Performance Solution 2010.” ''Desktop Engineering''. July 2010.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Pam-Crash」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|