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The Paman languages are an Australian language family spoken on the Cape York Peninsula of Queensland. First noted by Kenneth Hale, Paman is noteworthy for the profound phonological changes which have affected some of its descendants. == Classification == Various classifications of the Paman languages exist. The one outlined below is that of R. W. Dixon, though he does not accept that these branches are necessarily related to each other.〔See Dixon (2002), pp. xxx–xlii.〕 Geographically, running down the east coast, they are: *North Cape York (Northern Paman and Umpila) *Umbindhamu (†) *Lamalamic: Umbuygamu (†), Lama-Lama (nearly extinct) (closely related) * Yalgawarra (Flinders Island) (†) *Yalanjic: Guugu Yimidhirr, Gugu Yalandyi, Barrow Point (†) *Mbariman-Gudhinma (Gugu Warra) (inland) (†) * Djabugay (†) Down the west coast, they are: *North Cape York (Northern Paman and Wik) * Southwestern (See) * Kok Narr (†) * Norman Paman: Kurtjar, Kuthant (closely related) * Gugadj (†) In the interior, south of Wik, they are: *Thaypan (Rarmul Pama, closely related): Thaypan (?Rarmul) (nearly extinct), Aghu Tharrnggala (†), Ikarranggali–Alungul–Angkula (†), Takalak (†) *Southern: Agwamin (†), Mbabaram (†), Mbara (†), Walangama (†) The name ''Gugu Mini'' means 'good speech', and have been applied to several languages in the Thaypan area. 'Possum language' ''(Koko-Possum, Gugu Yawa)'' is another generic name of this area.〔, 〕 The unclassified Marrett River language (†) was presumably Paman, though distinct from its neighbors, as presumably was Wik Paach (†). The Mayabic languages (†) to the southwest were once classified as Paman, but have been excluded in Bowern (2011).〔Bowern, Claire. 2011. "(How Many Languages Were Spoken in Australia? )", ''Anggarrgoon: Australian languages on the web'', December 23, 2011 ((corrected ) February 6, 2012)〕 Alodja may have been another Thaypan / Rarmul Pama language. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Paman languages」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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