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Panaetius
Panaetius (; ; c. 185 - c. 110/109 BC〔Tiziano Dorandi, ''Chapter 2: Chronology'', in Algra et al. (1999) ''The Cambridge History of Hellenistic Philosophy'', pages 41-2. Cambridge〕) of Rhodes was a Stoic philosopher. He was a pupil of Diogenes of Babylon and Antipater of Tarsus in Athens, before moving to Rome where he did much to introduce Stoic doctrines to the city. After the death of Scipio in 129 BC, he returned to the Stoic school in Athens, and was its last undisputed scholarch. With Panaetius, Stoicism became much more eclectic. His most famous work was his ''On Duties'', the principal source used by Cicero in his own work of the same name.
==Life==
Panaetius, son of Nicagoras, was born around 185-180 BC,〔 into an old and eminent Rhodian family.〔Suda, ''Panaitios''; Strabo, xiv 2.13 = 655 ed. Casaubon, includes Panaetius' ancestors (''hoi progonoi'') among the most memorable Rhodian commanders and athletes〕 He is said to have been a pupil of the linguist Crates of Mallus,〔Strabo, xiv 5.16 = 676 ed.Casaubon〕 who taught in Pergamum, and moved to Athens where he attended the lectures of Critolaus and Carneades, but attached himself principally to the Stoic Diogenes of Babylon and his disciple Antipater of Tarsus.〔Suda ''Panaitios''; Cicero, ''de Divinatione'', i. 3〕 Around 149 BC, he was chosen by the people of Lindos on Rhodes to be the priest of Poseidon Hippios.〔P. E. Easterling, Bernard Knox, (1989), ''The Cambridge History of Classical Literature: Part 3'', page 196. Cambridge University Press〕
Probably through Gaius Laelius, who had attended the lectures of Diogenes and then of Panaetius,〔Cicero, ''de Finibus'', ii. 8〕 he was introduced to the Aemilian Scipio Africanus and, like Polybius before him,〔Suda, ''Panaitios'', comp. ''Polybios''〕 gained his friendship.〔Cicero, ''de Finibus'', iv. 9, ''de Officiis'', i. 26, ''de Amicitia'', 27, comp. ''pro Murena'', 31, Velleius i.13.3〕 Both Panaetius and Polybius accompanied him on the Roman embassy that Scipio headed to the principal monarchs and polities of the Hellenistic east in 139-138 BC.〔Cicero ''de Re Publica'' vi. 11, A. E. Astin, ''Classical Philology'' 54 (1959), 221-27, and ''Scipio Aemilianus'' (Ox., 1967), 127, 138, 177〕 Along with Polybius, he became a member of the Scipionic Circle.
He returned with Scipio to Rome, where he did much to introduce Stoic doctrines and Greek philosophy. He had a number of distinguished Romans as pupils, amongst them Q. Scaevola the augur and Q. Aelius Tubero the Stoic. After the death of Scipio in spring 129 BC, he resided by turns in Athens and Rome, but chiefly in Athens, where he succeeded Antipater of Tarsus as head of the Stoic school.〔Cicero, ''de Divinatione'', i. 3〕 The right of citizenship was offered him by the Athenians, but he refused it. His chief pupil in philosophy was Posidonius. He died in Athens〔Suda, ''Panaitios''〕 sometime in 110/09 BC,〔 the approximate year in which L. Crassus the orator found there no longer Panaetius himself, but his disciple Mnesarchus.〔Cicero, ''de Oratore'', i. 11〕
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