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Panarchy is a conceptual term first coined by the Belgian philosopher, economist, and botanist Paul Emile de Puydt in 1860, referring to a specific form of governance (-archy) that would encompass (pan-) all others.〔P. E. de Puydt, (Panarchy ), first published in French in the Revue Trimestrielle, Bruxelles, July 1860.〕 The Oxford English Dictionary lists the noun as "chiefly poetic" with the meaning "a universal realm," citing an 1848 attestation by Philip James Bailey, "the starry panarchy of space". The adjective ''panarchic'' "all-ruling" has earlier attestations.〔Ben Jonson, ''The Alchemist'' II.v.15: '' Ars sacra, Or chrysopoeia, or spagyrica, Or the pamphysic, or panarchic knowledge'' (alchemy )〕 In the twentieth century the term was re-coined separately by scholars in international relations to describe the notion of global governance and then by systems theorists to describe non-hierarchical organizing theories. ==Freely choosing government== (詳細はlaissez-faire economics, applied the concept to the individual's right to choose any form of government without being forced to move from their current locale. This is sometimes described as "extra-territorial" (or "exterritorial") since governments often would serve non-contiguous parcels of land. De Puydt wrote: De Puydt described how such a system would be administered: De Puydt’s definition of panarchy was expanded into a political philosophy of panarchism. It has been espoused by anarchist or libertarian-leaning individuals, including especially Max Nettlau〔Max Nettlau, (Panarchy, A Forgotten Idea of 1860 ), 1909.〕 and John Zube.〔Ehrlich, Howard J. 1996. Reinventing Anarchy, Again. AK Press. p. 131〕〔John Zube, (The Gospel of Panarchy ), 1986.〕 Le Grand E. Day and others have used the phrase "multigovernment" to describe a similar system.〔Le Grand E. Day, (The Theory of Multigovernment ), 1969-1977.〕 Another similar idea is Functional Overlapping Competing Jurisdictions (FOCJ) promoted by Swiss economists Bruno Frey and Reiner Eichenberger. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Panarchy」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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