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Pancratistatin
Pancratistatin (PST) is a natural compound initially extracted from spider lily,〔Siedlakowski, P.; McLachlan-Burgess, A.; Griffin, C.; Tirumalai, S. S.; McNulty, J.; Pandey, S. Synergy of pancratistatin and tamoxifen on breast cancer cells in inducing apoptosis by targeting mitochondria. ''Cancer Biol. Ther''. 2008, 7, 376-384.〕 a Hawaiian native plant, belonging to the family Amaryllidaceae〔Shnyder, S. D.; Cooper, P. A.; Millington, N. J.; Gill, J. H.; Bibby, M. C. Sodium Pancratistatin 3,4-O-Cyclic Phosphate, a Water-Soluble Synthetic Derivative of Pancratistatin, Is Highly Effective in a Human Colon Tumor Model. J. Nat. Prod. 2008, 71, 321-324.〕 (AMD).
== Occurrence ==
Pancratistatin occurs naturally in Hawaiian spider lily, a flowering plant within the Amaryllidaceae family. Pancratistatin is mostly found in the bulb tissues of spider lilies. It has been shown that the enrichment of atmospheric CO2 can enhance the production of antiviral secondary metabolites, including Pancratistatin, in these plants.〔Ziska, L.; Emche, S.; Johnson, E. Alterations in the production and concentration of selected alkaloids as a function of rising atmospheric carbon dioxide and air temperature: implications for ethno-pharmacology. Global Change Biology 2005, 11, 1798-1807〕 Pancratistatin can be isolated from the tropical bulbs of Hymenocallis littoralis in the order of 100 to 150 mg/kg when bulbs are obtained from the wild type in Hawaii. However, the compound has to be commercially extracted from field- and greenhouse-grown bulbs or from tissue cultures cultivated, for example, in Arizona, which generate lower levels of Pancratistatin (a maximum of 22 mg/kg) even in the peak month of October. After October, when the bulb becomes dormant, levels of Pancratistatin drop, down to only 4 mg/kg by May. Field-grown bulbs, which show monthly changes in Pancratistatin content, generate somewhat smaller amounts (2–5 mg/kg) compared to those grown in greenhouses cultivated over the same period.〔Ingrassia, L.; Lefranc, F.; Mathieu, V.; Darro, F.; Kiss, R. Amaryllidaceae isocarbostyril alkaloids and their derivatives as promising antitumor agents. Transl Oncol 2008, 1, 1-13.〕 There are about 40 different spider lily species worldwide and they are mainly native to the Andes of South America.
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