|
Deism (〔. 〕 or ), derived from the Latin word "Deus" meaning "God", is a theological/philosophical position that combines the rejection of revelation and authority as a source of religious knowledge with the conclusion that reason and observation of the natural world are sufficient to determine the existence of a single creator of the universe. Deism gained prominence among intellectuals during the Age of Enlightenment—especially in Britain, France, Germany and the United States—who, raised as Christians, believed in one God but became disenchanted with organized religion and notions such as the Trinity, Biblical inerrancy and the supernatural interpretation of events such as miracles. Included in those influenced by its ideas were leaders of the American and French Revolutions. Today, deism is considered to exist in two principal forms: classical and modern where the classical view takes what is called a "cold" approach by asserting the non-intervention of deity in the natural behavior of the created universe while the modern deist formulation can be either "warm" (citing an involved deity) or cold, non-interventionist creator. These lead to many subdivisions of modern deism which tends, therefore, to serve as an overall category of belief. Despite this classification of Deism today, classical Deists themselves rarely wrote or accepted that the Creator is a non-interventionist during the flowering of Deism in the 16th and 17th centuries; using straw man arguments, their theological critics attempted to force them into this position. ==Overview== Deism is a theological theory concerning the relationship between "the Creator" and the natural world. Deistic viewpoints emerged during the scientific revolution of 17th-century Europe and came to exert a powerful influence during the eighteenth century enlightenment. Deism stood between the narrow dogmatism of the period and skepticism. Though deists rejected atheism, they often were called "atheists" by more traditional theists. There were a number of different forms in the 17th and 18th century. In England, deism included a range of people from anti-Christian to un-Christian theists. For Deists, human beings can know God only via reason and the observation of nature, but not by revelation or supernatural manifestations (such as miracles) – phenomena which Deists regard with caution if not skepticism. See the section ''Features of deism'', following. Deism is related to naturalism because it credits the formation of life and the universe to a higher power, using only natural processes. Deism may also include a spiritual element, involving experiences of God and nature.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Deism Defined )〕 The words ''deism'' and ''theism'' are both derived from words for god: the former from Latin ''deus'', the latter from Greek ''theós'' (θεός). Perhaps the first use of the term ''deist'' is in Pierre Viret's ''Instruction Chrétienne en la doctrine de la foi et de l'Évangile'' (Christian teaching on the doctrine of faith and the Gospel, 1564), reprinted in Bayle's ''Dictionnaire'' entry ''Viret.'' Viret, a Calvinist, regarded deism as a new form of Italian heresy.〔See the (entry for "Deism" ) in the on-line ''Dictionary of the History of Ideas.'' 〕 Viret wrote (as translated from the original French): In England, the term ''deist'' first appeared in Robert Burton's ''The Anatomy of Melancholy'' (1621).〔 Lord Herbert of Cherbury (1583–1648) is generally considered the "father of English Deism", and his book ''De Veritate'' (1624) the first major statement of deism. Deism flourished in England between 1690 and 1740, at which time Matthew Tindal's ''Christianity as Old as the Creation'' (1730), also called "The Deist's Bible", gained much attention. Later deism spread to France, notably through the work of Voltaire, to Germany, and to the United States. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Deism」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|