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Pangaea
Pangaea or Pangea (〔(Oxford Dictionaries )〕) was a supercontinent that existed during the late Paleozoic and early Mesozoic eras.〔(【引用サイトリンク】publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. )〕 It assembled from earlier continental units approximately 300 million years ago, and it began to break apart about 175 million years ago.〔Plate Tectonics and Crustal Evolution, Third Ed., 1989, by Kent C. Condie, Pergamon Press〕 In contrast to the present Earth and its distribution of continental mass, much of Pangaea was in the southern hemisphere and surrounded by a super ocean, Panthalassa. Pangaea was the last supercontinent to have existed and the first to be reconstructed by geologists.
== Origin of the concept ==
The name is derived from Ancient Greek ''pan'' (, "all, entire, whole") and ''Gaia'' (, "Mother Earth, land").〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Pangaea&allowed_in_frame=0 )〕 The concept was first proposed by Alfred Wegener, the originator of the theory of continental drift, in his 1912 publication ''The Origin of Continents'' (''Die Entstehung der Kontinente'').〔Alfred Wegener: ''Die Entstehung der Kontinente.'' Dr. A. Petermann's Mitteilungen aus Justus Perthes' Geographischer Anstalt, 58(1): Gotha 1912〕 He expanded this hypothesis into his theory in his book ''The Origin of Continents and Oceans'' (''Die Entstehung der Kontinente und Ozeane''), first published in 1915, in which he postulated that (before breaking up and drifting to their present locations) all the continents had formed a single supercontinent that he called the "''Urkontinent''". The name first occurs in the 1920 edition of ''Die Entstehung der Kontinente und Ozeane'', but only once, when Wegener refers to the ancient supercontinent as "the Pangaea of the Carboniferous".〔See:
* Wegener, Alfred, ''Die Entstehung der Kontinente und Ozeane'', 2nd ed. (Braunschweig, Germany: F. Vieweg, 1920), (p. 120. ) From p. 120: "Schon die Pangäa der Karbonzeit hatte so einen Vorderrand … " (the Pangea of the Carboniferous era had such a leading edge … ) (In the 1922 edition, see p. 130.)
* Wegener, A.; Krause, R.; Thiede, J. (2005). "Kontinental-Verschiebungen: Originalnotizen und Literaturauszüge" (Continental drift: the original notes and quotations). ''Berichte zur Polar- und Meeresforschung (Reports on Polar and Marine Research)'' 516. Alfred-Wegener-Institut: Bremerhaven, p. 4, n. 2〕 Wegener used the Germanized form "Pangäa", but the term entered German and English scientific literature (in 1922〔Erich Jaworski: ''Die A. Wegenersche Hypothese der Kontinentalverschiebung.'' Geologische Rundschau, 13: 273-296, Berlin 1922. (Online bei digizeitschriften.de )〕 and 1926, respectively) in the Latinized form "Pangaea" (of the Greek "Pangaia"), especially due to a symposium of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists in November 1926.〔Willem A. J. M. van Waterschoot van der Gracht (and 13 other authors): ''Theory of Continental Drift: a Symposium of the Origin and Movements of Land-masses of both Inter-Continental and Intra-Continental, as proposed by Alfred Wegener.'' X + 240 S., Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA, The American Association of Petroleum Geologists & London, Thomas Murby & Co.〕
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