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Pantouflage
The term pantouflage refers to a practice by which high-level French civil servants, usually former students of the École Polytechnique or the École nationale d'administration, obtain work in private enterprise. In use, the term can be applied to all civil servants, not just those who attain notoriety. In American contexts, this concept is known by economists as a revolving door.
== Origin ==
Early on, in slang usage at the École Polytechnique, the word "pantoufle" referred to the act of avoiding public service after study. Those who "trained in the pantoufle," the "pantouflards," carried the title of "former student of the École Polytechnique," and gave up the right to the "Diploma of the École Polytechnique".〔Albert-Lévy et G. Pinet ( ''L'argot de l'X illustré par les X'' ) Preface by Armand Silvestre, Emile Testard, Paris, 1894, xiii + 327 pp., pp.218-220.〕 Later, the term also came to refer to the repayment of education costs by individuals who had failed to serve ten years in civil service after obtaining their degree (this is comparable to the practice of "dedit-formation" in France, in which employers might be eligible for reimbursement of expenses by employees who resign prematurely).
As frequently as civil servants leave public work and acquire the "pantoufle," private enterprises recruit students at the conclusion of their studies.〔Fabrice Mattatia ''Dictionnaire d'argot de l'X. Tout sur le langage des polytechniciens'', 2e édition, Lavauzelle 2004. (''Les droits des pantouflards'' ). Today, the repayment of student costs by the pantoufle is not required except in the most exceptional cases(C.B. et A.J. (''Pantoufle, pantouflage et pantouflards'' ), Le Figaro, 15 octobre 2007).〕
The term "pantouflage" also applies to politicians who, following an electoral loss or a termination from a ministerial position, assume a private industry, high-paying position without significant responsibilities. This is often undertaken during an interim period when formerly elected politicians vet new opportunities to assume elected office. French popular phrasing describes this scenario as "Emploi fictif," or fake employment.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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