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翻訳と辞書　辞書検索 [ 開発暫定版 ] スポンサード リンク Papal election, 1159 ： ウィキペディア英語版 Papal election, 1159 The Papal election of 4–7 September 1159 followed the death of Pope Adrian IV. It resulted in a double election. A majority of the cardinals elected Cardinal Rolando of Siena as Pope Alexander III, but a minority refused to recognize him and elected their own candidate Ottaviano de Monticelli, who took the name Victor IV, creating a schism which lasted until 1178. The schism was a result of the growing tensions inside the Sacred College of Cardinals concerning the foreign policy of the Holy See. The Papal states in the 12th century were some kind of buffer between two European powers – the Holy Roman Empire and the Norman Kingdom of Sicily. In the period after Concordat of Worms in 1122 the Papacy was allied with Empire rather than with Normans, but during the pontificate of Adrian IV (1154–59) this alliance had broken up because Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa did not fulfil the terms of the treaty of Constance (1153) that obliged him to help the Papacy to restore its authority in Rome, ruled by the commune, and some other territories of the Papal Patrimony, which fell under the control of the king of Sicily.〔Robinson, p. 464-465〕 In these circumstances Adrian IV decided to break the alliance with Emperor and to make peace with William I of Sicily by signing the Treaty of Benevento (1156). In the following years there were growing tensions between the papacy and Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa (e.g. a dispute at the diet of Besançon in 1157). Frederick tried – with significant success – to strengthen his influence on the Church in Germany.〔Robinson, pp. 388–391 and 464–471〕 The change of the direction of the papal foreign policy resulted with the division of the Sacred College into supporters and opponents of the new policy, who were unable to achieve a compromise after the death of Adrian IV. The election of 1159 had also significant legal consequences. Up to that time, the election of the new Pope required unanimity among the electors, which led to the schism when the existence of factions in the Sacred College made the unanimity impossible.〔Robinson, p. 57〕 To avoid the schism in the future, Third Lateran Council in 1179 promulgated the decree ''Licet de evitanda discordia'', which established the rule that the Pope is elected with the majority of two thirds of the cardinals participating in the election.〔Robinson, p. 84〕 ==Death of Adrian IV== Pope Adrian IV died on 1 September 1159. Fearing a possible schism, shortly before his death he recommended to the cardinals the election of Cardinal Bernard of Porto as his successor.〔Robinson, p. 79-80〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Papal election, 1159」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク 翻訳と辞書 : 翻訳のためのインターネットリソース Copyright(C) kotoba.ne.jp 1997-2016. All Rights Reserved.