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Paraphilia (also known as sexual perversion and sexual deviation) is the experience of intense sexual arousal to atypical objects, situations, or individuals. No consensus has been found for any precise border between unusual sexual interests and paraphilic ones. There is debate over which, if any, of the paraphilias should be listed in diagnostic manuals, such as the ''Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders'' (DSM) or the International Classification of Diseases (ICD). The number and taxonomy of paraphilias is under debate; one source lists as many as 549 types of paraphilias. The DSM-5 has specific listings for eight paraphilic disorders. Several sub-classifications of the paraphilias have been proposed, and some argue that a fully dimensional, spectrum or complaint-oriented approach would better reflect the evidence. ==Terminology== Many terms have been used to describe atypical sexual interests, and there remains debate regarding technical accuracy and perceptions of stigma. Sexologist John Money popularized the term ''paraphilia'' as a non-pejorative designation for unusual sexual interests. Money described paraphilia as "a sexuoerotic embellishment of, or alternative to the official, ideological norm." Psychiatrist Glen Gabbard writes that despite efforts by Stekel and Money, "the term ''paraphilia'' remains pejorative in most circumstances." Coinage of the term ''paraphilia'' (''paraphilie'') has been credited to Friedrich Salomon Krauss in 1903, and it entered the English language in 1913, in reference to Krauss by urologist William J. Robinson. It was used with some regularity by Wilhelm Stekel in the 1920s. The term comes from the Greek παρά (''para'') "beside" and φιλία (''-philia'') "friendship, love". In the late 19th century, psychologists and psychiatrists started to categorize various paraphilias as they wanted a more descriptive system than the legal and religious constructs of sodomy〔Dailey, Dennis M. (1989). ''The Sexually Unusual: Guide to Understanding and Helping.'' Haworth Press ISBN 978-0-86656-786-2, pp. 15-16〕 and perversion. Before the introduction of the term ''paraphilia'' in the DSM-III (1980), the term ''sexual deviation'' was used to refer to paraphilias in the first two editions of the manual.〔Laws and, O'Donohue (2008) p. 384〕 In 1981, an article published in ''American Journal of Psychiatry'' described paraphilia as "recurrent, intense sexually arousing fantasies, sexual urges, or behaviors generally involving: # Non-human objects # The suffering or humiliation of oneself or one's partner # Children # Non-consenting persons 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Paraphilia」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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