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Paraphrenia
Paraphrenia is a mental disorder characterized by an organized system of paranoid delusions with or without hallucinations (the positive symptoms of schizophrenia) without deterioration of intellect or personality (its negative symptom).〔Almeida, O. P., Howard, H. F., & Levy, R. (1992). Late paraphrenia: a review. ''International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 7'', 543-548.〕〔Roth, M. (1955). The natural history of mental disorder in old age. ''The British Journal of Psychiatry, 101'', 281-301〕〔Roth, M. & Kay, D. W. K. (1998). Late paraphrenia: A variant of schizophrenia manifest in late life or an organic clinical syndrome? A review of recent evidence. ''International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 13'', 775-784〕 This disorder is also distinguished from schizophrenia by a lower hereditary occurrence, less premorbid maladjustment, and a slower rate of progression.〔Casanova, M. F. (2010). The pathology of paraphrenia. ''Current Psychiatry Reports, 12'', 196-201.〕 Onset of symptoms generally occurs later in life, near the age of 60.〔〔 The prevalence of the disorder among the elderly is about 2—4%〔〔
Paraphrenia is not included in either the DSM-5 or the ICD-10; psychotherapists often diagnose patients presenting with paraphrenia as having atypical psychoses, delusional disorder, psychoses not otherwise specified, schizoaffective disorders, and persistent persecutory states of older adults.〔 Recently therapists have also been classifying paraphrenia as very late-onset schizophrenia-like psychosis.〔
== Symptoms ==
The main symptoms of paraphrenia are paranoid delusions and hallucinations.〔〔Kay, D. W., & Roth, M. (1961). Environmental and hereditary factors in schizophrenias of old-age (late paraphrenia) and their bearing on general problem of causation in schizophrenia. ''Journal of Mental Science, 107'', 649.〕 The delusions often involve the individual being the subject of persecution, although they can also be erotic, hypochondriacal, or grandiose in nature. The majority of hallucinations associated with paraphrenia are auditory, with 75% of patients reporting such an experience; however, visual, tactile, and olfactory hallucinations have also been reported.〔〔 The paranoia and hallucinations can combine in the form of “threatening or accusatory voices coming from neighbouring houses () are frequently reported by the patients as disturbing and undeserved".〔 Patients also present with a lack of symptoms commonly found in other mental disorders similar to paraphrenia. There is no significant deterioration of intellect, personality, or habits and patients often remain clean and mostly self-sufficient.〔 Patients also remain oriented well in time and space.〔
Paraphrenia is different from schizophrenia because, while both disorders result in delusions and hallucinations, individuals with schizophrenia exhibit changes and deterioration of personality whereas individuals with paraphrenia maintain a well-preserved personality and affective response.〔〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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