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Parentification is the process of role reversal whereby a child is obliged to act as parent to their ''own'' parent. In extreme cases, the child is used to fill the void of the alienating parent's emotional life.〔R. A. Gardner et al., ''The International Handbook of Parental Alienation Syndrome (2006) p. 200〕 Two distinct modes of parentification have been identified technically: instrumental parentification and emotional parentification. Instrumental parentification involves the child completing physical tasks for the family, such as looking after a sick relative, paying bills, or providing assistance to younger siblings that would normally be provided by a parent. Emotional parentification occurs when a child or adolescent must take on the role of a confidant or mediator for (or between) parents and/or family members.〔Gregory J. Jurkovic, 'Destructive Parentification in Families' in Luciano L'Abate ed., ''Family Psychopathology'' (New York 1998) pp. 237-255〕 ==Prehistory== Melitta Schmideberg noted in 1948 how emotional deprivation could lead parents to treat their children (unconsciously) as substitute parent figures.〔Jurkovic, p. 240〕 "Spousification" and "parental child" (Minuchin) offered alternative concepts exploring the same phenomenon; while the theme of intergenerational continuity in such violations of personal boundaries was further examined.〔Jurkovic, in L'Abate ed., p. 240〕 Eric Berne touched on the dangers of parents and children having a symmetrical, rather than asymmetrical relationship, as when an absent spouse is replaced by the eldest child;〔Eric Berne, ''Sex in Human Loving'' (Penguin 1970) p. 249-53〕 and Virginia Satir wrote of "the role-function discrepancy...where the son gets into a head-of-the-family role, commonly that of the father".〔Virginia Satir, ''Peoplemaking'' (1983) p. 167〕 Object relations theory highlighted how the child's False Self is called into being when it is forced prematurely to take excessive care of the parental object;〔Adam Phillips, ''On Kissing, Tickling and Being Bored'' (1994) p. 31〕 and John Bowlby looked at what he called "compulsive caregiving" among the anxiously attached, as a result of a parent inverting the normal relationship and pressuring the child to be an attachment figure for them.〔John Bowlby, ''The Making and Breaking of Affectional Bonds'' (London 1979) p. 137-8〕 All such aspects of disturbed and inverted parenting patterns have been drawn under the umbrella of the wider phenomenon of parentification - with the result (critics suggest) that on occasion "ironically the concept of parentification has...been as over-burdened as the child it often describes".〔Karpel, quoted by Jurkovic, in L'Abate ed., p. 238〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Parentification」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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