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Parilia
In ancient Roman religion, the Parilia is a festival of rural character performed annually on April 21, aimed at cleansing both sheep and shepherd. It is carried out in acknowledgment to the Roman deity Pales, a deity of uncertain gender who was a patron of shepherds and sheep.〔''The Cambridge Ancient History 2nd Ed. Vol. X: The Augustan Empire 43 BC – AD 69''. Cambridge University Press. Great Britain: 1996. pp. 816-817〕
Ovid describes the Parilia at length in the ''Fasti'', an elegiac poem on the Roman religious calendar, and implies that it predates the founding of Rome, traditionally 753 BC, as indicated by its pastoral, pre-agricultural concerns. During the Republic, farming was idealized and central to Roman identity, so the festival took on a more generally rural character. Increasing urbanization caused the rustic Parilia to be reinterpreted rather than abandoned, as Rome was an intensely traditional society. During the Imperial period, the date was celebrated as the "birthday" of Rome ''(dies natalis Romae)''.
==Ceremony==
The pastoral structure of the festival is carried out by the shepherd himself. After the sheep pen had been decorated with green branches and a wreath draped on the gate, the remainder of the ceremony took place in sequence. At the first sign of daylight, the shepherd would purify the sheep: by sweeping the pen and then constructing a bonfire of straw, olive branches, laurel, and sulfur. The noises produced by this burning combination were interpreted as a beneficial omen. The shepherd would jump through this flame, dragging his sheep along with him. Offerings of millet, cakes, and milk were then presented before Pales, marking the second segment of the ceremony. After these offerings, the shepherd would wet his hands with dew, face the east, and repeat a prayer four times. Such prayers requested Pales’s assistance in freeing the shepherd and the flock from evils brought about by accidental wrongdoings (e.g. trespassing on sacred grounds and removing water from a sacred water source).〔Fowler, Warde W. ''The Roman Festivals of the Period of the Republic''. MacMillan and CO, Limited. London: 1899. pp. 79-85.〕 The final portion of the rural festival made use of the beverage burranica, a combination of milk and ''sapa'' (boiled wine). After consumption of this beverage, the shepherd would leap through the fire three times, bringing an end to the ceremony.〔Butrica, James L. ''Propertius on the Parilia'' (4.4.73-8). Classical Quarterly 50.2. Memorial University of Newfoundland. Great Britain: 2000. pp. 472-478.〕
The urban form of the Parilia, on the other hand, is blended with other Roman religious practices and carried out by a priest. Ovid personally participated in this form and describes his experiences in the ''Fasti''.〔Ovid. ''Fasti''; Gower, John. ''Ovids Festivalls, or Romane calendar, translated into English verse equinumerally''. London: 1640. pp. 93-97.〕 While the central actions of the rural ceremony carry over, the urban form adds two ingredients from other religious festivals: the Fordicidia and the October Horse. The Fordicidia sacrifices a pregnant cow to the deity Tellus to promote cattle and field fertility. The unborn calf is then removed from the womb and burnt. The October Horse is the right hand horse of the team that won a particular chariot race on October 15 of the previous year.〔Adkins, Lesley & Roy A. ''Dictionary of Roman Religion''. Facts on File Inc. New York: 1996. pp. 82, 168.〕 Together, the ashes of the unborn calf and the blood from the head of the October Horse are mixed by the Vestals and are added to the burning bean straw of the bonfire.〔 Dumézil questioned whether the ''Equus October'' provided the horse blood,〔G. Dumezil ''La religion romaine archaique'' Paris, 1974, part 1, chap. 4 "Mars".〕 since the two ancient sources that mention the ingredient omit identifying the victim.〔Propertius ''Elegiae Romanae'' 4, 1, 19-20 (where the horse is described as ''curtus'', "dismembered"); Ovid ''Fasti'' IV, 721 sqq. The October Horse, however, is the only horse sacrifice known to have been practiced regularly by the Romans.〕
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