|
Parmenides of Elea (; ; fl. late sixth or early fifth century BCE) was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher from Elea in Magna Graecia (Greater Greece, included Southern Italy). He was the founder of the Eleatic school of philosophy. The single known work of Parmenides is a poem, ''On Nature'', which has survived only in fragmentary form. In this poem, Parmenides describes two views of reality. In "the way of truth" (a part of the poem), he explains how reality (coined as "what-is") is one, change is impossible, and existence is timeless, uniform, necessary, and unchanging. In "the way of opinion," he explains the world of appearances, in which one's sensory faculties lead to conceptions which are false and deceitful. These ideas had a strong effect on Plato, and in turn, influenced the whole of Western philosophy. ==Early life== Parmenides was born in the Greek colony of Elea (now Ascea), which, according to Herodotus,〔Herodotus, i.164〕 had been founded shortly before 535 BCE. He was descended from a wealthy and illustrious family.〔Diogenes Laërtius, ix. 21〕 His dates are uncertain; according to Diogenes Laërtius, he flourished just before 500 BCE,〔Diogenes Laërtius, ix. 23〕 which would put his year of birth near 540 BCE, but Plato has him visiting Athens at the age of 65, when Socrates was a young man, c. 450 BCE,〔Plato, ''Parmenides'', 127a–128b〕 which, if true, suggests a year of birth of c. 515 BCE. He was said to have been a pupil of Xenophanes,〔Aristotle, ''Metaphysics'', i. 5; Sextus Empiricus, ''adv. Math.'' vii. 111; Clement of Alexandria, ''Stromata'', i. 301; Diogenes Laërtius, ix. 21〕 and regardless of whether they actually knew each other, Xenophanes' philosophy is the most obvious influence on Parmenides.〔Cf. Simplicius, ''Physics'', 22.26–23.20; Hippolytus, i. 14〕 Diogenes Laërtius also describes Parmenides as a disciple of "Ameinias, son of Diochaites, the Pythagorean"; but there are no obvious Pythagorean elements in his thought. However, according to Sir William Smith, in Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology (1870) :''Others content themselves with reckoning Parmenides as well as Zeno as belonging to the Pythagorean school, or with speaking of a ''Parmenidean life'', in the same way as a ''Pythagorean life'' is spoken of; and even the censorious Timon allows Parmenides to have been a high-minded man; while Plato speaks of him with veneration, and Aristotle and others give him an unqualified preference over the rest of the Eleatics.'' 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Parmenides」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|