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''Pax̌tō'' |pronunciation = (:ˈpəʂt̪oː], (), 〕〔("Pashto" ) in Oxford Online Dictionaries, UK English〕 rarely (:ˈpæʃtoʊ); Pashto: ''Pax̌tō'' (:ˈpəʂt̪oː, ˈpəɧt̪oː, ˈpʊɧt̪oː)), also known in older literature as Afghānī ()〔 or Paṭhānī, is the South-Central Asian language of the Pashtuns. It is an Eastern Iranian language, belonging to the Indo-European family. Pashto is one of the two official languages of Afghanistan,〔Constitution of Afghanistan – (''Chapter 1 The State, Article 16 (Languages) and Article 20 (Anthem)'' )〕 and it is the second-largest regional language of Pakistan, mainly spoken in the west and northwest of the country.〔(Population by Mother Tongue ), Population Census - Pakistan Bureau of Statistics, Government of Pakistan〕 Pashto is the main language among the Pashtun diaspora around the world. The total number of Pashto-speakers is estimated to be 45–60 million people worldwide.〔 Pashto belongs to the Northeastern Iranian group of the Indo-Iranian branch,〔〔Nicholas Sims-Williams, (Eastern Iranian languages ), in Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition, 2010. "The Modern Eastern Iranian languages are even more numerous and varied. Most of them are classified as North-Eastern: Ossetic; Yaghnobi (which derives from a dialect closely related to Sogdian); the Shughni group (Shughni, Roshani, Khufi, Bartangi, Roshorvi, Sarikoli), with which Yaz-1ghulami (Sokolova 1967) and the now extinct Wanji (J. Payne in Schmitt, p. 420) are closely linked; Ishkashmi, Sanglichi, and Zebaki; Wakhi; Munji and Yidgha; and Pashto."〕 but ''Ethnologue'' lists it as Southeastern Iranian. ==Geographic distribution== As a national language of Afghanistan,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Pashto language )〕 Pashto is primarily spoken in the east, south, and southwest, but also in some northern and western parts of the country. The exact numbers of speakers are unavailable, but different estimates show that Pashto is the mother tongue of 45–60% of the total population of Afghanistan. In Pakistan, Pashto is the second-largest language and one of the provincial languages; however, provincial languages have no official status in Pakistan, given the fact that Urdu and English are the official languages of the country. Pashto is spoken as a first language by about 15.42%〔(Government of Pakistan: Population by Mother Tongue ) Pakistan Bureau of Statistics〕〔http://siraiki.blogspot.com/2013/12/languages-of-pakistan.html〕 of Pakistan's 170 million people. It is the main language of the Pashtun-majority regions of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Federally Administered Tribal Areas and northern Balochistan. It is also spoken in parts of Mianwali and Attock districts of the Punjab province as well as by Pashtuns who are found living in different cities throughout the country. Modern Pashto-speaking communities are found in the cities of Karachi and Hyderabad in Sindh.〔(), thefridaytimes〕〔 Other communities of Pashto speakers are found in Tajikistan, and further in the Pashtun diaspora. There are also communities of Pashtun descent in the southwestern part of Jammu and Kashmir.〔Walter R Lawrence, ''Imperial Gazetteer of India. Provincial Series'', pg 36–37, (Link )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Study of the Pathan Communities in four States of India )〕 In addition, sizable Pashto-speaking communities also exist in the Middle East, especially in the United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, northeastern Iran (primarily in South Khorasan Province to the east of Qaen, near the Afghan border) as well as in the United States, United Kingdom, Thailand, Canada, Germany, the Netherlands, Sweden, Qatar, Australia, Japan, Russia, New Zealand, etc. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Pashto」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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