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Pashtunization
Pashtunization (), also called Afghanization or Pathanization, is a process of cultural or linguistic change in which someone or something non-Pashtun becomes accultured to Pashtun influence. The Pashtun people are the largest ethnic group in Afghanistan and the second largest in Pakistan.
==Dynasties and settlements==
People become Pashtunized when they settle in Pashtun-dominated areas and adopt Pashtun culture,〔 either by adapting the Pashto language or absorbing Pashtunwali customs. Pashtunization is a specific form of cultural assimilation and has been taking place in Pashtun-populated regions of Afghanistan and Pakistan for several centuries.
The Khilji were originally Turkic tribes who had long domiciled in Afghanistan and gradually adopted the Pashtun culture. Some of them left the area during the Mongol invasion of Central Asia towards the Indian subcontinent, where they built empires such as the Khilji, Lodi, and Suri dynasties of Delhi. They are considered by historians as ethnic Afghans (Pashtuns).
Pashtunization may also refer to the settling of Pashtun tribes onto lands where non-Pashtun tribes live or more broadly the erosion of the customs, traditions and language of non-Pashtun peoples due to the political power and regional influence of the Pashtuns.〔Lansford, Tom (2003) ''A Bitter Harvest: US foreign policy and Afghanistan'' Ashgate, Aldershot, Hants, England, ISBN 0-7546-3615-1, page 16: "The modern history of Afghanistan has witnessed a "Pashtunization" of the state as the customs, traditions and language of the Pashtuns have combined with the groups political power to erode the distinctive underpinnings of Afghanistan's other groups.FN20". FN20 cites: US, Department of the Army, ''Afghanistan: A Country Study'', 5th ed. reprint (Washington, DC.: GPO, 1985) page 108.〕 This occurred in the Peshawar sub-region in the early 16th century, during the period of the Suri dynasty of Delhi.〔"the Pashtun conquest of the Peshawar subregion in the early sixteenth century meant the Pashtunization of the area", Arlinghaus, Joseph Theodore (1988) ''The Transformation of Afgham Tribal Society: Tribal Expansion, Mughal Imperialism and the Roshaniyya Insurrection, 1450-1600'' Thesis/dissertation, Duke University, p.17, (OCLC 18996657 )〕 It intensified in the mid-18th century under Pashtun emperor Ahmad Shah Durrani, when he conquered non-Pashtun territories and established the Durrani Empire.〔 During the reign of Abdur Rahman Khan in the late 19th century, some Pashtuns settled in the north of the country while Tajiks from the north were brought to the south. This was done for political reason, mainly to prevent Russian invasion. In the meantime, thousands of Hazaras left Hazarajat to settle in Quetta (now in Pakistan) and Mashad in what is now Iran.〔O. Roy, ''Ethnic Identity and Political Expression in Northern Afghanistan'', in ''Muslims in Central Asia: Expressions of Identity and Change'', 1992, ISBN 0-8223-1190-9.〕
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