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Isidora Dolores Ibárruri Gómez (9 December 189512 November 1989) – known as "La Pasionaria" (Spanish, "the Passionflower") – was a Republican heroine of the Spanish Civil War and communist politician of Basque origin. She is perhaps best known for her defense of the Second Spanish Republic and the famous slogan ''¡No Pasarán!'' ("They shall not pass") during the Battle for Madrid in November 1936. She became a revolutionary militant, joining the Spanish Communist Party (PCE) when it was founded in 1921. In the 1930s, she became a writer for the PCE publication ''Mundo Obrero'', and was elected to the Cortes Generales as a PCE deputy for Asturias in February 1936 during the Second Spanish Republic. After her exile from Spain at the end of the Spanish Civil War, she was appointed General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Spain, a position she held from 1942 to 1960. She was then named honorary president of the PCE, a post she held for the rest of her life. Upon her return to Spain in 1977, she was re-elected as a deputy to the Cortes for the same region she had represented during the Second Republic. She is usually regarded as one of the greatest public speakers of the 20th century.〔Vid. Oxford Dictionary, Speaker entry〕 == Biography == Dolores Ibárruri was born to a Basque miner and a Castillian mother. She grew up in Gallarta, but later moved to Somorrosto (Biscay). Gallarta was located next to a large siderite mine which became the second-most important in Europe during the 1970s and which shut down permanently in 1993.〔(Gallarta (Bodovalle) ). Vintage and modern photograph of the town. 2004: Eusko Jaurlaritza—Gobierno Vasco.〕 She attended the municipal school as soon as she could talk. The curriculum was basic and mainly religious; discipline was harsh. Outside she and the other children sang revolutionary ditties, played pranks and took part in rival gang fights. A willful child, she was taken at the age of ten by her mother to the Church of San Felicisimo〔(Church of San Felicisimo today ). ''Panoramio''.〕 in Deusto to be exorcized.
Ibárruri left school at fifteen after spending two years preparing for teacher's college at the encouragement of the schoolmistress. Her parents could not afford further education, so she went to work as a seamstress and later as a housemaid. She became a waitress in the town of Arboleda, the most important urban nucleus in the region of Somorrostro.〔(La Arboleda/Zugaztieta (Valle de Trápaga/Trapagaran) ). Bizkaia.net.〕 There she met Julián Ruiz Gabiña, union activist and founder of Socialist Youth of Somorrostro. They married in late 1915, two years after the birth of their first child.〔(Fallece Julián Ruiz, marido de "La Pasionaria" ). ''La Vanguardia Española''. August 5, 1977, p. 10.〕 The young couple participated in the general strike of 1917 and Ruiz returned to jail. During this time, Ibárruri spent nights reading the works of Karl Marx and others found in the library of the Socialist Workers' Centre in Somorrostro.〔Irene Falcón, personal secretary. . Radio Televisión Española, 1995. ''Youtube'', seconds 33 to 55.〕 Ibárruri wrote her first article in 1918 for the miners' newspaper, ''El Minero Vizcaíno''. The article came out during Holy Week and focused on religious hypocrisy, at odds with the Passion of Christ. Because of the article's theme and its timing, she signed it with the alias "Pasionaria."〔Dolores Ibárruri. . COPE Radio program ''Protagonistas''. COPE Radio, 1988, seconds 13 to 32.〕〔(La presidenta del PCE, Dolores Ibárruri, "La Pasionaria," falleció a los 93 años ). ''ABC''. November 13, 1989, p. 30.〕 In 1920 Ibárruri and the Workers' Centre joined the budding Communist Party of Spain (PCE) and she was named a member of the Provincial Committee of the Basque Communist Party. After ten years of grassroots militancy, she was appointed to the Central Committee of the PCE in 1930.〔Lorenzo Peña: "(Nota Biográfica de La Pasionaria ). España Roja.〕 During this time, Ibárruri had six children. Of her five girls, four died very young. She "used to relate how her husband made a small coffin out of a crate of fruit."〔Irene Falcon confidante of La Pasionaria as quoted by newspaperwoman Pilar Urbano in: "('A Dolores y a Carrillo, Stalin les llamó "izquierdistas"' )." ''El Mundo''. December 10, 1995.〕 Her son, Rubén, died at twenty-two in the Battle of Stalingrad. The remaining child, Amaya, outlived her mother. In 2008 Amaya resided in the working-class neighbourhood of Ciudad Lineal in Madrid.〔Ana María Ortiz: ("El amor rico de la nieta de Pasionaria" ). Crónica (Suplemento). ''El Mundo''. August 17, 2008.〕〔Amaya Ruiz Ibárruri. . Homage of the Spanish United Left Party to the International Brigades on the 70th anniversary of their arrival in Spain celebrated in the Chamber of Columns of the Spanish Parliament. Madrid, October 9, 2006.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Dolores Ibárruri」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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