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Passandridae
Passandridae, the "parasitic flat bark beetles," are a family of beetles notable for being one of the very few beetle families with larvae that are, as far as known, exclusively ectoparasitic on the immature stages of other beetles and Hymenoptera.〔Dimmock, G. 1884. Notes on ''Catogenus rufus''. Psyche: 341-342.〕〔Fiske, W.F. 1905. ''Catogenus rufus'', a coleopterous parasite. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 7: 90-92.〕〔Gravely, F. H. 1916. Some lignicolous beetle larvae from India and Borneo. Records of the Indian Museum 12: 137-175.〕
Adults are small to moderate sized beetles, 3-35mm, with heavily sclerotized bodies that are either dorso-ventrally compressed (genera occurring under bark) or subcylindrical in cross section (genera inhabiting wood-borer tunnels). Adults are generally brown or black, rarely with a color pattern, with prominent mandibles, confluent gular sutures, thick, moniliform antennae, unequal tibial spurs on the front legs, and generally a characteristic system of grooves and/or carina on the dorsal surface.〔Thomas, M.C. 2002. Family 81. Passandridae Erichson 1845. Pp. 327-328 In: Arnett, R. H., Jr., M. C. Thomas, P. E. Skelley, and J. H. Frank (editors). 2002. American Beetles. Vol. 2. Polyphaga: Scarabaeoidea through Curculionoidea. CRC Press, Boca Raton. xiv + 861pp.〕〔Burckhardt, D. & S. A. Slipinski. 10.19 Passandridae Blanchard, 1845/Erichson, 1845. p. 363-368. In: Leschen, R.A.B., R.G. Beutel, and J.F. Lawrence. Coleoptera, Beetles. Vol. 2: Morphology and Systematics (Elateroidea, Bostrichiformia, Cucujiformia partim). Handbook of Zoology. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin.〕
Larvae are highly modified for their parasitoid habits. First instar larvae are heavily sclerotized, flattened, and spiny. Later instar larvae are physogastric (swollen posteriorly), with simple setae, short unsegmented legs, and reduced mouthparts.〔
Passandridae consists of 109 described species in nine genera. Only ''Passandra'' Dalman occurs in both the Old and New Worlds, being represented in the Neotropical region by a single species, ''P. fasciata'' (Gray). The genera ''Ancistria'', ''Aulonosoma'', ''Nicolebertia'', and ''Passandrina'' are restricted to the Old World, while ''Catogenus'', ''Passandrella'', ''Scalidiopsis'', and ''Taphroscelidia'' are found only in the New World. Only ''Catogenus'' and ''Taphroscelidia'' occur in the Nearctic. The largest genus is ''Ancistria'', with 34 described species.
==References==
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